关系转到个体与自身的关系，可以说意义深远。并且，它充分汲取了古代智慧，也适应了当代社会要求宽容、多元的状况。

但是，现代生存美学认为个人创造反主体化的“自我意识组织形式”就能摆脱资本主义道德的齐一化，从而求得自身的解放，过于抬高了个体的精神力量。首先，这种拔高存在着忽视超越性和终极意义的危险，很容易沦为堕落的甚至色情的虚无主义或犬儒主义。其次，现代生存美学强调绝对的个人创造，这是一种精英主义的道德，并不是社会中所有个体都有能力实现自由的选择和创造。最后，将现代道德解决归结为个体问题，否定了社会变革的价值，容易滑入保守主义的心态。社会不变革，仅仅依靠个体精神层面的努力，是不可能完全解决现代实践和道德的困境的。马克思主义认为，现代人被束缚的最根本原因在于私有制，只有通过阶级斗争推翻资产阶级的统治，人的解放才可能真正实现。

 

[参考文献]

 

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[2] 福柯.权力的眼睛——福柯访谈录[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1997.

[3] 福柯.词与物:人文科学考古学[M].上海:上海三联书店,2001.430.

[4] 德勒兹.哲学与权力的谈判:德勒兹访谈录[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000.107.

[5] 福柯.不正常的人[M].上海:世纪出版集团,上海人民出版社，2003.13.

[6] 福柯.疯癫与文明:理性时代的疯癫史[M].北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003.2(前言).

[7] 福柯.必须保卫社会[M].上海:世纪出版集团,上海人民出版社,1999

[8] 福柯.福柯的附语:主体与权力[A],附于L·德赖弗斯,保罗·拉比诺.超越结构主义与解释学[M].北京:光明日报出版社,1992.

[9] 索珀.人道主义与反人道主义[M].北京:华夏出版社,1998.141.

[10]  Paul Rabinow(ed.).The Foucault Reader[M].Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984

 

                                                   （责任编辑：林间）

 

 

The Condition and Revolution of the Modern Man

——A Review of Foucault’s Hominology

Liu Yong-mou

(School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081)

 

Abstract: Foucault denies the existence of substantial, consistent and universal human nature, rather, he considers human nature to be a concept constructed historically. In regard of his spiritual temperament, the anti-humanism of Foucault is a sort of “humanism” above the traditional humanism. Foucault has a unique description of modern men, holding that modern men are the outcome of modern individuals totally enslaved by power, and he criticizes the nature of western civilization that clears up the diversities of individuals and lets commonality rule all. For Foucault, modern society reconstructs men in three means into modern men who conforms to the subjective standard. Aimed at the historical situation of modern men, Foucault proposes two methods for revolution, which are partial struggle and modern aesthetics of existence. Yet the two methods are not without flaws.

Key words: Foucault, hominology