绪 论

0.1选题缘由和研究意义

0.1.1选题缘由

0.1.2研究意义

0.1.3论文所涉及的研究对象、范围界定

0.2文献综述

0.2.1国内研究现状

0.2.2国外研究现状

0.3基本概念界定

0.3.1技术、科学及其辩证关系

0.3.2列宁技术思想

0.4研究方法

0.5可能贡献

第1章 列宁技术思想的时代背景和理论渊源

1.1列宁技术思想形成的时代背景

1.1.1世界资本主义进入垄断发展阶段

1.1.2风起云涌的俄国变革时代

1.2列宁技术思想的理论渊源

1.2.1马克思恩格斯关于“技术源于实践”的理论

1.2.2马克思恩格斯关于“技术是生产力”的理论

1.2.3马克思恩格斯关于“技术人才”的理论

1.2.4马克思恩格斯关于“技术异化”的理论

第2章 列宁技术思想的历史演进     

2.1十月革命前列宁对技术的价值审度     

2.1.1在批判自由主义民粹派中阐发技术思想      

2.1.2在肯定考茨基农业思想中表达技术功能思想       

2.1.3《土地问题和“马克思的批评家”》对技术的政治经济学阐释       

2.1.4对技术资本主义社会应用的辩证分析  

2.2社会主义建设初步探索时期对技术问题的思考 

2.2.1技术要为增进全体人民福祉服务  

2.2.2发展先进技术以奠定社会主义建设的基础  

2.2.3正确对待旧社会专家      

2.2.4要充分利用资本主义技术      

2.3新经济政策时期技术实践的全面展开 

2.3.1重视对资产阶级专家的改造和教育      

2.3.2重视教育对技术发展的支撑作用  

2.3.3实行租让制是获得国外技术的重要途径      

2.3.4实现工业化以奠定社会主义的物质技术基础       

第3章 列宁技术思想的主要内容     

3.1生产活动中的技术图景 

3.1.1产业技术形态  

3.1.2产业技术发展的动力机制      

3.1.3产业技术发展的经济效益      

3.2社会发展的技术运作逻辑     

3.2.1社会发展的基本观点      

3.2.2技术推动生产力发展      

3.2.3技术推动生产关系变革  

3.3落后国家社会主义建设中的技术实践 

3.3.1技术在社会主义建设中的地位及作用  

3.3.2苏维埃俄国推动技术发展的具体路径  

3.4技术异化与人的全面发展     

3.4.1技术异化剖析  

3.4.2人的全面发展的技术之路      

第4章 列宁技术思想的特征     

4.1人本主义技术观与历史唯物主义技术观的融合 

4.1.1人的最高价值诉求：人的解放与自由全面发展       

4.1.2 技术目标与社会目标高度一致     

4.2工程技术思维与人文技术思维的相互渗透 

4.2.1彰显了工程技术思维的基本特征  

4.2.2注重技术发展的社会意义阐释      

4.3时代性与革命性相互交融     

4.3.1时代性：顺应技术发展潮流和国家发展需要       

4.3.2革命性：为社会主义革命发展服务      

4.4实践操作与理论探究相统一 

4.4.1重视对技术的理论探究  

4.4.2结合俄国实际推动技术实践  

第5章 列宁技术思想的历史定位及当代启示 

5.1列宁技术思想的历史定位     

5.1.1列宁技术思想的理论地位      

5.1.2列宁技术思想的实践意蕴      

5.1.3列宁技术思想的历史局限性  

5.2列宁技术思想的当代启示     

5.2.1充分认识技术发展的战略意义      

5.2.2加强技术人才队伍建设  

5.2.3坚持走自主创新的技术发展道路  

5.2.4重视技术伦理建设  

结 语     

参考文献       

       

摘  要

 

列宁技术思想是列宁一生关注和探讨技术问题的重要成果，是他围绕技术形成的根本观点和总的看法。19世纪末20世纪初，世界资本主义由自由竞争发展到垄断资本阶段，以电力技术为标志的第二次技术革命也向纵深方向推进。技术的快速发展引起了列宁的关注与思考，他在坚持将马克思主义与俄国革命和社会主义建设实际相结合的过程中考察技术现象、思考技术问题，留下了丰富的技术思想文献，进一步丰富和发展了马克思主义技术思想。在列宁领导下，俄国建立起了世界上第一个社会主义国家，列宁关于技术问题进行的诸多思考和实践具有开创性意义，对新时代中国特色社会主义技术实践提供了重要指导。 

第1章旨在阐明列宁技术思想的时代背景和理论渊源。列宁技术思想是时代的产物，适应了当时国内外形势变幻的需要。一方面，从总的社会状况来说，世界资本主义正在从自由竞争进入到垄断资本阶段，与此同时，俄国国内封建地主同垄断资本相互勾结成为“军事封建帝国主义”，对内进行残暴统治、对外扩张侵略，导致社会矛盾极其尖锐，处于急剧变革的历史时期。另一方面，从人类社会技术领域的新趋势新变化来说，以电力技术为标志的第二次技术革命向纵深方向推进，对世界形势产生了革命性的影响。列宁立足于解决俄国革命和社会主义建设现实问题的需要，在继承发展马克思恩格斯技术思想的基础上，形成了具有俄国特色的技术思想理论体系。

第2章旨在分析列宁技术思想的历史演进过程。总体而言，它经历了十月革命前对技术的价值审度阶段，即列宁在同民粹派的论战中阐发对技术的价值评价，主要揭示了技术加速发展不仅在实现由资本主义关系战胜前资本主义生产关系的过程中发挥了重要作用，更为重要的是也为社会主义革命的到来准备了重要条件；十月革命胜利后到新经济政策施行前夕是列宁建设社会主义技术实践的探索，也是列宁技术思想的形成阶段。在这个时期，列宁主要阐释了如何利用先进技术建设社会主义的历史性课题，它是列宁技术思想的主要思想内核；新经济政策时期是列宁对技术实践的全面发展阶段。在这个时期，列宁主要是在反思前期经验教训的基础上进一步落实和实践促进社会主义技术发展的各方面举措。

第3章旨在厘清列宁技术思想的主要内容。列宁技术思想主要包含了生产活动中的产业技术、社会发展中的技术运作逻辑、落后国家社会主义建设中的技术实践、技术异化与人的全面发展等四个方面的内容。列宁结合俄国实际情况，分析了农业、手工业、大机器工业等产业技术类型，阐释了社会需要、追求剩余价值、抵制工人阶级抗争、科学研究等对产业技术进步所起到的动力作用，澄明了由产业技术进步所带来的经济效益促进了生产专业化、社会劳动化水平和劳动生产效率的提高，同时也表明，技术进步必然扩大资本主义市场；列宁从历史唯物主义所揭示的社会发展规律出发，指出技术发展引起了俄国生产力的发展和生产关系的变化调整，从而为俄国无产阶级革命的胜利创造了条件；在经济文化落后的基础上，要巩固和发展苏维埃政权、恢复和发展国民经济、抵御外来侵略，必须在社会主义建设中重视技术的地位和作用，对此列宁提出要通过引进和学习外国先进技术、重视培养技术人才和发展教育事业等具体路径来提高技术水平；列宁指出，在私有制关系下产生了技术异化，给广大劳动群众的生存发展带来了威胁，他主张推翻私有制才能消除技术异化，他领导俄国取得的无产阶级革命的胜利为此创造了根本前提，并在社会主义建设中通过发展和推广电气化等技术路径为人的全面发展创造了现实条件。这些重要观点和思想，共同构成了列宁技术思想体系。

第4章旨在探究列宁技术思想的主要特征。笔者认为，列宁技术思想呈现如下特征：一是人本主义技术观与历史唯物主义技术观的融合；二是工程技术思维与人文技术思维的相互渗透；三是时代性与革命性相互交融；四是实践操作与理论探究相统一。

第5章旨在综合考察列宁技术思想的历史定位和当代启示。列宁技术思想是一个内涵丰富且结构完整的学说体系，构成了列宁主义的重要支援背景，实现了对马克思恩格斯技术思想的重要继承和创造性发展，构成了马克思主义技术思想的重要内容，也构成了中国共产党技术思想体系的直接理论基础。同时，列宁的技术思想是列宁在俄国革命和建设的实践过程中形成和发展起来的，它指导和推进了俄国自身的革命、建设事业的发展。当然，由于特定时代条件的限制，列宁技术思想中的某些观点不可避免地带有历史局限性，只有将它放在特定的时代背景和俄国国情基础上加以考察，才能给予客观公正的评价。

列宁技术思想所反映的一般规律和原则，对今天中国探索如何通过发展技术建设科技强国和社会主义现代化强国具有重要启示：要充分认识技术发展对于社会主义现代化事业所具有的重大战略意义，发挥科学技术作为第一生产力的作用，努力抓住新一轮科技革命，增强综合国力、为建设社会主义现代化强国提供有力支撑；要充分重视技术人才的培养，发挥人才的核心驱动作用，进一步优化完善人才体制机制，培养大批高素质人才队伍；要坚持走自主创新发展道路，加强基础研究，发展核心关键技术，建立以企业为主体、市场为导向的产学研协同创新体系，加强国际国内技术交流；必须始终加强技术伦理建设，坚持以人民为中心，依靠人民力量不断推进技术发展，努力提升人民生活水平和满足人民对美好生活的追求。

 

关键词：列宁；技术思想；技术批判；社会主义

 

Abstract

Lenin's Thought on Technology is the fundamental viewpoint and general view formed by Lenin in the process of discussing technical issues. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, world capitalism developed from free competition to monopoly capital, and the second technological revolution marked by power technology also advanced in depth. The rapid development of technology caught Lenin's attention. In the course of persistently integrating Marxism with the reality of the Russian Revolution and socialist construction,he investigated technological phenomena and pondered technical issues. Lenin wrote a wealth of literature on technical thought and further developed Marxist technical thought. Under Lenin's leadership, Russia established the world's first socialist state. Many of Lenin's thoughts and practices on technical issues have played a pioneering role, and they have provided important guidance for the development of socialist technology with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

Chapter 1 aims to clarify the epochal background and theoretical origins of Lenin's technical thought. Lenin's technical thought was a product of the times and adapted to the changes in the situation at home and abroad in Russia. On the one hand,world capitalism has moved from the free stage to the monopoly stage. At the same time,the contradictions in Russian society during the period of change were sharp and turbulent. On the other hand, from the perspective of new progress in human technology, the continuous development of the second technological revolution marked by power technology has had a profound impact on the world situation. Based on the needs of Russia's revolution and construction, Lenin formed a technical theory system with Russian characteristics on the basis of inheriting Marxist technical theory.

Chapter 2 aims to analyze the historical evolution of Lenin's technological thought. Overall, it went through the pre-October Revolution phase of evaluating the value of technology. During this phase, Lenin engaged in polemics with the populists and evaluated the value of technology. He believed that the accelerated development of technology not only played an important role in the process of realizing the victory of capitalist relations over the pre-capitalist relations of production, but more importantly, it also prepared important conditions for the advent of socialist revolution. After the October Revolution and on the eve of the implementation of the NEP, it was the stage of exploration of Lenin's technical practice in building socialism and the formation of Lenin's technical thought. During this period, Lenin mainly explained the historical issue of how to use advanced technology to build socialism, which is an important content of Lenin's technical thought. The NEP was followed by a stage of comprehensive development of Lenin's technical practice. During this period, Lenin was mainly reflecting on how to further implement and practice various measures to promote the development of socialist technology.

Chapter 3 is mainly aimed at constructing the content system of Lenin's technical thought. Lenin's thought on technology mainly includes four aspects:industrial technology, the logic of social operation of technology, technological development in the construction of socialism in backward countries, technological alienation and all-round human development. Lenin analyzed the types of industrial technology, such as agriculture,handicrafts, and large-scale machine industry in light of the actual situation in Russia.He profoundly explained the driving role of social needs, the pursuit of surplus value, resistance to working class resistance, and scientific research in industrial technological progress. He also clarified that the economic benefits brought about by industrial technological progress are mainly to promote the specialization of production and the level of social laborization, improve labor production efficiency, and technological progress will inevitably expand the capitalist market. Proceeding from the law of social development revealed by historical materialism, Lenin pointed out that technological development had brought about the development of the productive forces in Russia and the changes and adjustments of production relations, thus creating conditions for the victory of the Russian proletarian revolution. On the basis of economic and cultural backwardness, in order to consolidate and develop Soviet power, restore and develop the national economy, and resist foreign aggression, it is necessary to attach importance to the status and role of technology in socialist construction. Therefore, Lenin believed that it was necessary to raise the level of technology through specific measures such as introducing and learning advanced foreign technology, stepping up the training of technical personnel, and developing education. Lenin believed that the relationship of private property produced technological alienation, which threatened people's survival and development. In order to eliminate technological alienation under private ownership, he led the Russian proletariat to victory in revolution and advocated the vigorous development of electric power technology in socialist construction, so as to create realistic conditions for the all-round development of man.

Chapter 4 aims to explore the main features of Lenin's technical thought.In the author's view, Lenin's technical thought is characterized by four aspects. The first is the integration of humanistic technical outlook and historical materialist technical outlook. The second is the integration of engineering and technical thinking and humanistic and technical thinking. Third,the epochal and revolutionary are blended with each other. Fourth, practical operation and theoretical inquiry are unified.

Chapter 5 examines the historical orientation and contemporary implications of Lenin's technical thought. Lenin's technical thought is a rich and well-structured theoretical system, which constitutes an important supporting background for Leninism. Lenin's technical thought is an integral part of Marxist technical thought, which realizes the inheritance and development of Marx and Engels' technical thought, and at the same time, provides a theoretical basis for the technical thought of the Communist Party of China. It was formed in the course of Lenin's practice of the Russian revolution and construction, and provided important guidance for the revolution and construction of Russia. Of course, it is limited by the conditions of a particular era, and Lenin's technical thought has many historical limitations. Therefore, in order to better understand Lenin's technical thought, we must examine it in the context of a specific era and the basis of Russia's national conditions.

Lenin's Thought on Technology is of great significance to China's goal of becoming a strong country in science and technology and a modern socialist power: First of all, we must fully understand the great strategic significance of technological development to the cause of socialist modernization, give play to the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, strive to seize a new round of scientific and technological revolution, enhance comprehensive national strength, and provide strong support for building a modern socialist power. Secondly, it is necessary to increase the training of technical talents, improve the talent system and mechanism, and cultivate high-quality talents. Third, we must adhere to the path of independent innovation and development, strengthen basic research, develop core key technologies, establish an enterprise-oriented, market-oriented industry-university-research collaborative innovation system, and strengthen international and domestic technological exchanges. Finally, we must always strengthen the construction of technological ethics and adhere to the principle of people-centered scientific and technological development.

 

Key Words:Lenin; technical thinking; Technological Criticism, Socialism