博论题目：当代人类增强技术的挑战与哲学反思
答 辩 人：王薇
指导老师：刘大椿
答辩时间：2022年5月20日
目 录
导 论
0.1选题背景
0.2文献综述
0.2.1国外研究现状
0.2.2国内研究现状
0.3选题意义及论文框架
0.3.1选题意义
0.3.2论文框架
第1章 人类增强时代的到来与问题
1.1当代人类增强技术的提出
1.1.1人类增强的技术背景：NBIC会聚技术
1.1.2人类增强的组织与文化背景：超人类主义
1.1.3人类增强运动及其目标
1.2 “人类增强”的概念分析
1.2.1“人类”与“增强”
1.2.2“人类增强”定义的困难之处
1.2.3“人类增强”的技术区分
1.3 人类增强时代突显人性问题
1.3.1“新人类”的诞生：从超人类到后人类
1.3.2 技术人性争议：克服人性或保持人性
1.3.2 技术与人类繁殖：自由优生学的担忧
本章小结
第2章 人类增强的技术图景
2.1 身体增强与分布式人-机系统
2.2.1脑机及相关神经接口技术（BMIs）
2.2.2机器人假肢和矫形器
2.2.3认知和感觉假肢
2.2.4软件和机器人助手
2.2 精神与认知增强
2.1.1认知与信息技术创新系统
2.1.2人的脑神经研究与改造
2.3 代际增强：基因编辑与纳米技术
2.3.1CRISPR基因编辑技术
2.3.2 纳米机器人
2.4 “消灭”死亡的技术
2.3.1 延缓衰老的追求
2.3.2 人体冷冻技术
2.3.3 长生细胞与体外培养技术
2.3.4 器官移植与生命支持技术
2.5 感官增强的新“现实”
2.5.1虚拟现实技术（VR）
2.5.2增强现实技术（AR）
2.5.3个性化与多感官增强的技术
本章小结
第3章 人类增强的人性辨析
3.1 哲学中“人性”研究之难
3.1.1 人性定义的模糊性
3.1.2 共通人性的疑问
3.1.3 人性讨论框架的变迁
3.2 增强技术改变人性
3.2.1技术创造“类人文明”
3.2.2 深度科技化的隐忧
3.3 人类增强技术对人的挑战
3.3.1人类认知及身体边界的拓展
3.3.2人类增强对伦理结构的挑战
3.3.3科技风险与人类安全的挑战
本章小结
第4章 人类增强的哲学批判
4.1作为意识形态的增强叙事
4.1.1技术未来主义的历史与愿景
4.1.2技术主导的人类进化
4.2 后人类观念的还原论辨析
4.2.1“身心二元论”的一元进路
4.2.2生命即信息
4.2.3基因决定论
4.3 激进人类增强的否定心理机制
4.3.1有性生殖模式的否定
4.3.2技术时代心灵的匮乏
4.4作为统治工具的增强技术
4.4.1人的技术化
4.4.2增强技术的奴役性
4.5人类增强与消费社会
4.5.1增强作为一种消费的欲望
4.5.2消费社会的生存困境
本章小结
结论 增强时代符合人性的“人-技”关系
5.1 制造工具的人与制造神话的人
5.2 人类增强技术与人的关系
5.3 “人-技”关系问题的中国思考
5.3.1以传统文化为反思背景
5.3.2以审度的科技观为价值取向
参考文献
致谢
摘 要
本文旨在对人类增强技术所带来的挑战以及在人类增强时代所突显的人性问题进行哲学反思。不同于以往的技术实践，由超人类主义者提出的人类增强技术由于其“增强”而非“治疗”的用途，引发了关于自然身体与增强身体之间的伦理分歧与争议，从而对人的本质提出了挑战。其中，首先是对人类的认知边界以及身体边界的拓展，引来一系列关于人性的论证；其次，由于人类增强技术伴随潜在的科技风险，对传统技术伦理以及人类安全带来了挑战；最后，指出在增强时代，人们担忧的深度技术化使得人性问题日渐突显。本文认识到哲学史上对“人性”的研究具有复杂和模糊的特性，导致人们无法就是否有共通的人性达成一致，争论各方也陷入了人性研究的本质主义陷阱。为了摆脱本质主义陷阱，本文提出应当将蕴含后人类未来主义意识形态的人类增强叙事与作为统治工具的人类增强技术进行区分。对二者的关系进行考察，以在当前的消费社会中厘清人们对增强符号象征的虚假欲望，以及增强技术本身如何裹挟和促逼着，使人陷入生存困境。指出由本质主义转向一种符合“人性”的“人-技”关系的探讨，能够更好地在增强时代发挥人类增强技术的作用。并在中国传统以“术”驭“技”的思想指导下，以人为本才能在所涉及到的多种冲突中寻求权衡，找到缓解冲突的适当的“度”，寻求一条更文明与和谐的进化道路。
第1章考察了人类增强时代形成的技术背景与文化背景，指出增强技术概念的提出，其技术背景建立在当前的前沿交叉领域NBIC会聚技术在增强领域的应用之上。介绍了推动人类增强运动的文化组织：超人类主义所主张的增强目标。在此基础上对人类增强与人类增强技术的概念进行了分析，指出定义的困难之处，及必要性。并指出，人类增强时代出现了“超人类”与“后人类”等“新人类”概念，在此基础上，是否存在技术人性、增强技术带来的进化是否对人类本质带来冲击等问题，成为增强时代突显的人性问题。
第2章描绘了基于人类身体、认知、精神与遗传方面的人类增强技术图景，力图在介绍当前人类增强技术所取得的重要进展和应用情况的同时，涵盖增强对于人以及社会关系的意义。分析了以机器与人体紧密结合作为身体增强方式的分布式人-机系统；对人类神经信息与认知能力进行技术改造的认知增强系统；可定向塑造下一代特征的基因编辑与纳米技术；旨在“消灭”死亡的激进增强技术；以及与身体增强互为表里的虚拟现实与感官增强的技术。以期全面、直观地展现人类增强技术谱系与整体图景。
第3章指出人类增强技术对人的挑战其根源在于人们持有对立的人性观。因此不管是生物保守主义者还是超级人类主义者，两个阵营对于人性的本质主义讨论都有其局限性。尤其在现有本质主义框架内，并不能完整反应在当前技术社会与消费社会的特殊生产阶段，人类增强观念及其技术对于人的作用和意义。在未来增强时代，是否会由技术创造出一个“类人文明”，使得人成为深度科技化的奴隶，已成为一个令人担忧的问题。增强技术不仅对人类认知能力带来挑战，还试图拓展人类身体的边界；对现有伦理结构带来冲击的同时也造成科技风险，威胁着人类整体的安全。
第4章区分了作为意识形态的未来主义增强叙事，以及作为统治工具的增强技术。指出，作为一种意识形态，人类增强叙事的主导思想是在身心二元论的基础之上发展出的信息一元论。涵盖了技术未来主义、技术主导人类进化以及生命即信息等单向度的思想。这种思想不仅存在内在矛盾，作为主导人类进化的技术元素，其背后还隐藏着“后人类”超越现有人类，对人类的死亡恐惧，对有性生殖以及人类身体等多方面的否定心理机制。最终，在激进的人类增强主张者背后实际上藏着现代人的自恋和精神空虚。鉴于人类增强概念中“增强”具有的消费符号属性，人类增强技术的市场化还暴露了消费社会的自由主义资本运行逻辑。本文认为消费社会中的人类增强意识形态与技术将会合谋，从而加速人的技术化，最终成为技术对人类进行统治和奴役的工具，使得人类陷入多重生存困境。
结论部分指出，不论是超人类还是后人类，人类增强主张中对人性有所冲击的设想，都要建立在对当下人类处境有所反思的情境下才有意义。结论部分总结了从法兰克福学派到后现代哲学家对技术与人的关系的批判和揭示，指出，在增强时代更需要找到符合人性的“人-技”关系，才能摆脱由技术和消费社会营造出的多重生存困境。人与技术之间并非二元对立的关系，也不仅仅是使用者与工具之间的简单关系，而是相互塑造、彼此嵌入的亲密关系形态，并以此对人性讨论从本质主义转向关系主义的路径进行延展。在这一问题中，传统中国思想对技术和身体之间关系的判断有其独特智慧，能为我们选择人类增强技术时的价值观带来反思，强调只有达成人与技术间的平衡，两者协同进化才能战胜增强技术时代的危机。
关键词：人类增强技术；哲学反思；“人-技”关系；人的技术化
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to philosophically reflect on the challenges posed by human enhancement technologies and the human issues that have emerged in the era of human enhancement. Unlike previous technological practices, human enhancement technologies proposed by transhumanists have raised ethical differences and controversies between natural bodies and enhancement bodies due to their "enhancement" rather than "healing" uses, thus challenging the nature of human beings. First, the expansion of human cognitive and bodily boundaries has led to a series of arguments about human nature; second, the potential technological risks associated with human enhancement technologies have challenged traditional technological ethics and human security; and finally, it is argued that in the age of enhancement, concerns about the deep technologization of human nature have become increasingly apparent.
The paper recognizes that the complexity and ambiguity of the study of "human nature" in the history of philosophy has led to the inability to agree on whether there is a common human nature, and that all sides of the debate have fallen into the trap of essentialism in the study of human nature. In order to escape the essentialist trap, this paper proposes to distinguish between human enhancement narratives, which contain post-human futurist ideology, and human enhancement technologies, which are tools of domination. The relationship between the two is examined in order to clarify the false desire for enhancement symbols in the current consumer society and how enhancement technology itself is wrapped up and forced to put people in an existential dilemma. It is pointed out that a shift from essentialism to an exploration of the "human-technology" relationship in line with "human nature" can better play the role of human enhancement technology in the era of enhancement. Guided by the traditional Chinese idea of mastering technology through art, the human-centered approach can seek trade-offs among the multiple conflicts involved, find the appropriate "degree" to mitigate them, and seek a more civilized and harmonious evolutionary path.
Chapter 1 examines the technological and cultural contexts in which the human enhancement era was formed, noting that the concept of enhancement technology was developed, building on the technological context formed by the application of current frontier cross-cutting NBIC convergence technologies in the field of enhancement. The enhancement goals espoused by the cultural organization that drives the human enhancement movement: transhumanism are introduced. On this basis, the concepts of human enhancement and human augmentation technology are analyzed, the difficulties of definition and the need for them are pointed out. It is also pointed out that in the era of human enhancement, "transhumanism" and "posthumanism" have emerged as "new human" concepts, based on which the existence of technological humanity, the evolution brought about by enhancement technology The question of whether or not there is technological humanity and whether or not the evolution brought about by enhancement technology has impacted on the nature of human beings has become a question of humanity highlighted in the enhancement era.
Chapter 2 paints a picture of human enhancement based on the physical, cognitive and mental, and genetic aspects of human enhancement, trying to cover the meaning of enhancement for human beings and social relationships while introducing the important progress and applications of human enhancement technologies in many aspects. In this picture, we analyze distributed human-machine systems, which are closely integrated with the human body as a form of physical enhancement; cognitive enhancement systems, which technologically modify human neural information and cognitive abilities; gene editing and nanotechnology, which can target the next generation of traits; radical enhancement technologies, which aim to "eradicate" death; and virtual enhancement, which is synonymous with physical enhancement. Virtual reality and sensory enhancement technologies, which are synonymous with physical enhancement. The aim is to provide a comprehensive and intuitive picture of the spectrum of human enhancement technologies and the overall picture.
Chapter 3 points out that the human challenge of human enhancement is rooted in people's opposing views of humanity. Therefore, both camps have limitations in their essentialist discussions of human nature, whether they are bio-conservatives or superhumanists. In particular, the existing essentialist framework does not fully reflect the role and significance of human enhancement and its technology for human beings in the current particular production stage of technological and consumer societies. In the future enhancement era, it has become a worrying issue whether a "human-like civilization" will be created by technology, which will make human beings become slaves of deep technology. At the same time, enhancement technologies challenge human cognitive abilities and expand the boundaries of the human body; they impact on existing ethical structures and pose technological risks, as well as challenges to human security.
Chapter 4 distinguishes between futuristic enhancement narratives as ideologies and enhancement technologies as tools of domination. It is pointed out that the dominant ideology of the human enhancement narrative as an ideology is an information monism developed on the basis of the mind-body dualism. It covers unidirectional ideas such as technological futurism, technological domination of human evolution, and life as information. This idea is not only contradictory, but as the technological element that dominates human evolution, it also hides the psychological mechanism of "post-human" transcending existing human beings, fear of human death, and denial of sexual reproduction and the human body. Ultimately, behind the radical human enhancement advocates lies the narcissism and spiritual emptiness of modern man. Given the symbolic nature of "enhancement" in the concept of human enhancement, the marketization of human enhancement technology also exposes the liberal capitalist logic of consumer society. This paper argues that human enhancement ideology and technology in consumer society will conspire to accelerate the technologization of human beings and eventually become a tool for the domination and enslavement of human beings by technology, leaving them in multiple existential dilemmas.
The conclusion points out that whether transhuman or posthuman, the vision of human enhancement that has an impact on humanity is only meaningful in the context of reflecting on the current human situation. The conclusion summarizes the critique and revelation of the relationship between technology and human beings from the Frankfurt School to postmodern philosophers, pointing out that it is more important to find a human-technology relationship in line with human nature in the age of enhancement in order to escape from the multiple existential dilemmas created by technology and consumer society. The relationship between human and technology is not a dichotomy, nor is it simply a relationship between tool and user, but an intimate form of relationship that is mutually shaped and embedded in each other, and in this way extends the path of human nature discussion from essentialism to relationalism. In this issue, traditional Chinese thought has a unique wisdom in judging the relationship between technology and the body, and brings a reflection on our values when choosing human enhancement technology, emphasizing that only by reaching a balance between human and technology, and a synergistic evolution of both can we overcome the crisis in the era of enhancement technology.
Keywords: Human Enhancement Technology; Human Nature; "Human-Technology" Relationship; Technologization of Human
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