专业名称：科学技术哲学
导 师：刘大椿 教授
提交日期：2008年6月
关键词：科学主义；人文主义；科学技术观；生活世界
摘 要
近100年以来，科学技术的发展十分迅速，呈现出日益专业化和交叉化的复杂趋势。与之相应，作为对科学技术进行哲学反思的科学技术观也出现了多元化的图景。人们对于科学技术的不同理解凸显了科学技术观问题的复杂性和重要性。虽然，众多思想家对于科学技术的理解不尽相同，但是大体上可以分为科学主义的科学技术观和人文主义的科学技术观两类。
循着科学技术观的发展轨迹，论文选择了科学主义科学技术观和人文主义科学技术观作为研究对象，在简要概括科学主义科学技术观的基础上，着重讨论了20世纪几种有代表性的人文主义科学技术观演化的现代进路问题。围绕这一主题，论文不仅对各种人文主义科学技术观的主要观点进行了系统的梳理，而且还对不同的科学技术观的贡献和局限作了分析和评说，对不同科学技术观的共性与特性进行了比较。在此基础上，对科学技术观演进的总体特点进行了提炼，对人文主义视野下科学技术观的重建问题进行了探讨。
第1章“科学主义科学观”在对科学主义科学观产生的时代背景进行追溯的基础上，重点讨论了科学主义科学观的主要形态：实证主义、马赫主义和逻辑经验主义的主要观点。并对科学主义科学观的贡献与局限作了评价。科学主义科学观强调科学世界与人文世界的截然二分，忽视了科学与人文文化的关联及科学本身的人文意义和人文价值，从而导致科学与人文精神的分离。
第2章“现象学科学观”重点讨论了胡塞尔的“欧洲科学危机理论”和“生活世界理论”。胡塞尔对欧洲科学危机的讨论源起于他对欧洲文化危机或欧洲人性危机的反思，他通过对古希腊理性主义精神及其异化的反思，进入到了对作为欧洲危机突出表现的科学危机的批判，从而找到了引发欧洲危机的直接根源——科学主义科学观。在胡塞尔看来，由于自然科学遗忘了自身的意义基础——生活世界，才导致了欧洲科学危机的出现。因而要想找到科学在生活世界中的逻辑自明性并拯救欧洲危机，就必须运用现象学方法对生活世界进行还原，要去追溯日常生活世界的发生学起源，走一条回归生活世界之路。
第3章“存在主义科学技术观”主要讨论了海德格尔的科学技术之思和雅斯贝尔斯的科学技术观。存在主义者反对科学主义科学观将科学视为人类唯一真实的世界图景，主张将人作为反思科学技术的中心，关注科学技术对人存在状态的影响，寻求拯救现代科学技术危机的出路是存在主义科学技术观的主要理论旨趣。其中，海德格尔通过对科学技术“纵向的”、历史性的分析，来揭示现代科学技术的本质，进而过渡到对现代科学技术“思”与“诗”的超越。雅斯贝尔斯则通过“轴心期”理论对古代科学技术与现代科学技术做了历时性的比较研究，从而阐释了现代科学技术的生成、本质、影响、限度与超越等问题。
第4章“社会批判主义科学技术观”主要讨论了法兰克福学派的科学技术批判理论。注重从社会学的角度来审视和批判科学技术，将科技异化现象置于整个社会生活系统中加以考察是社会批判主义科学技术观的一个突出特点。法兰克福学派的成员试图通过对科学技术的社会批判和对工具理性的全面审视找到一条救赎技术化统治的途径。其中，马尔库塞主张通过科学技术自身的革命来走出技术化统治的困境，而哈贝马斯则认为只有建立一种关于技术的民主对话机制才是唯一的出路。
第5章“后现代解构主义科学观”主要讨论了福柯的科学知识—权力观和利奥塔的后现代科学观。将科学视为一种话语实践，一种语言游戏，把科学和权力联系起来，致力于解构科学知识的权威地位是后现代解构主义科学观的主要思想进路。其中，福柯采用了知识考古学和谱系学的研究方法，通过重新诠释知识史、思想史和科学史，提出了一种与传统科学认识论截然不同的科学知识—权力观，从而对科学与权力的共生关系做了深刻的反思。利奥塔则着重考察了当代西方社会中的知识状态，通过运用语用学的观念和方法解释了当代资本主义的社会变异和文化症状，并深入论证了作为西方文明维系网络与认知基础的“元叙事”的衰竭以及因此产生的科学知识合法性问题。强调知识的“不可通约性”和重视不同语言歧见的后结构主义观念是利奥塔后现代科学观的理论基点。
第6章“人文主义视野下科学技术观的重建”是本文的小结。主要讨论了以上诸种科学技术观的演化轨迹和重建科学技术观的人文情怀两个问题。该章认为，现代科学技术观的演化体现了一种向生活世界回归的趋势，而此生活世界既不是科学主义科学观所描绘的单纯的“知性”世界，也不是人文主义科学技术观所刻画的“意义性”世界，而是具有人文情怀的知性与意义性相统一“现实的生活世界”，只有在多元而又具有合理规范的实践中人类才可能确立恰当的科学技术观。
目 录
导 论
0．1 研究背景
0．2 国内外研究现状
0．2．1 国外研究现状
0．2．2 国内研究现状
0．3 论文思路与构架
第1章 科学主义科学观
1．1 科学主义科学观的产生
1．1．1 科学主义科学观产生的时代背景
1．1．2 实证主义——科学主义科学观形成的标志
1．2 科学主义科学观的发展与成熟
1．2．1 马赫主义——科学主义科学观的发展
1．2．2 逻辑实证主义——科学主义科学观的成熟
1．3 小结
第2章 现象学科学观
2．1 胡塞尔论欧洲科学危机
2．1．1 欧洲文化危机与古希腊理性主义精神
2．1．2 数学的自然科学与理性主义的异化
2．1．3 科学危机的直接根源——实证主义科学观
2．2 拯救之方：回归生活世界
2．2．1 生活世界的基本内涵
2．2．2 日常生活世界与精神生活世界
2．2．3 回归生活世界之路
2．3 小结
第3章 存在主义科学技术观
3．1 海德格尔的科学技术之思
3．1．1 现代科学的形而上学之思
3．1．2 现代科学的本质源于技术
3．1．3 科学技术的危机与拯救
3．2 雅斯贝尔斯的科学技术观
3．2．1 雅斯贝尔斯的科学观
3．2．2 雅斯贝尔斯的技术观
3．2．3 技术的影响与技术限度的超越
3．3 小结
第4章 社会批判主义科学技术观
4．1 法兰克福学派科学技术批判
4．1．1 科学技术与单向度的人
4．1．2 科学技术与政治统治
4．1．3 科学技术与意识形态
4．2 工具理性的批判与救赎
4．2．1 工具理性的批判
4．2．2 批判式的救赎：走出技术化统治的不同进路
4．3 小结
第5章 后现代解构主义科学观
5．1 福柯的科学知识—权力观
5．1．1 现代认识论的解构：知识考古学视野下的科学
5．1．2 科学的解构：知识与权力的共生
5．2 利奥塔的后现代科学观
5．2．1 知识的合法性：叙事知识与科学知识
5．2．2 传统叙事知识的合法化模式及解构
5．2．3 科学知识合法性标准的重建：误构
5．3 小结
第6章 人文主义视野下科学技术观的重建
6．1 科学技术观的演化轨迹
6．1．1 科学技术观的转变轨迹
6．1．2 回归生活世界：科学技术观的融合
6．2 重建科学技术观的人文情怀
6．2．1 回到马克思“现实的生活世界”
6．2．2 科学技术观的建立是一项以人为本的社会活动
6．3 结束语
参考文献
后 记
Abstract
Key words: scientism; humanism； view of science and technology;life-world
In the recent 100 years, science and technology have developed rapidly, with a trend of growing specialization and the cross-cutting complexity. Accordingly, the concepts of science and technology, as the reflection of the philosophy of science and technology, also have become diversified. Different understandings of science and technology highlight the complexity and the importance of the issue of the science and technology. Although many thinkers hold various understandings of the science and technology, it generally can be divided into scientism conception of science and technology and humanism one.
Following track of the conception of science and technology development, the author focused on the study of the evolution progress of several representative Humanism conception of the science and technology in the 20th century, choosing the scientism conception of science and technology and humanism one as the research objects on the basis of briefly summarizing the scientism view of science. Around this theme, this thesis not only sorts out the major opinions of various humanism conception of science and technology, but also analyses and comments on the contributions and limitations of different concepts of science and technology, and compares the universality and characteristics of various concepts of science and technology. On this base, the thesis extracts the overall characteristics of the evolution of conception of science and technology, and explores the issue of reconstructing the concept of science and technology in the vision of humanism.
Chapter 1, “Scientism View of Science", mainly discusses the main viewpoints of the key forms of scientism view of science: positivism, Machism, logical empiricism, on the basis of tracing back to time background that scientism view of science was created. This part also analyses and comments on the contributions and limitations of scientism view of science. Scientism View of Science emphasizes to draw a clear line of demarcation between science and humane studies ,and neglecting the connexion between the two and humanistic significance and humanistic value of science itself, thus leading to separation between science and humanistic spirit.
Chapter 2, "phenomenology view of science", mainly discusses Husserl's "theory of the European scientific crisis" and "life-world theory". Husserl’s discussion about European scientific crisis originated from his reflection on the European cultural crisis or the European humanity crisis, he criticized the scientific crisis which mainly represented European crisis through reflecting the rationalism spirit of ancient Greece and its alienation, thereby found the direct cause of the crisis -- the scientism view of science. In Husserl's view, the natural sciences had forgotten the meaning basis of their own - the living world, which led to the crux of European science crisis. Therefore in order to find the logical intelligibility of the objective science in the living world and save European crisis, we must restore the life-world with phenomenology methods, trace the everyday-life-world’s developmentalism origin, and follow the routine of returning life-world.
Chapter 3, "existentialism view of science and technology", mainly discusses Martin Heidegger's concept of science and technology and Karl Jaspers’. Existentialists object to the opinion that scientism view of science regards science as the unique human prospect of the world, advocates to put human into the center of reflecting science and technology, focuses on the impact of science and technology to human existence state. It is the main theoretical purport of existentialism concept of science and technology to seek the approach to rescue the crisis of modern science and technology. Among them, Heidegger's revealed the nature of modern science and technology with the "vertical" and historical analysis on the science and technology, thus transferred the modern science and technology into the state of "thinking" and "Poetry". Jaspers undertook a historical comparative study on ancient and modern science and technology with the theory of “the axial period”, which explains the problems such as the formation, the nature, the impact, the extent and excess of modern science and technology.
Chapter 4, "social criticism view of science and technology", mainly discusses Frankfurt School’ critical theory of science and technology. One prominent feature of social criticism concept of science and technology is to emphasize on examining and criticizing science and technology from the view point of sociology, and to study the phenomenon of technological alienation in the throughout social life system. The members of Frankfurt School tried to seek out the salvation means to the technical rule through social criticism on science and technology and the comprehensive review of tool rational. Among them, Herbert Marcuse advocated to get out of technical rule difficulties by self-revolution of science and technology, while Habermas deemed that the establishment of democratic dialogue Mechanism about technology was the only way out.
Chapter 5, "post-modern structuralism view of science", mainly discusses Michel Foucault’s view of scientific knowledge-power and Lyotard’s postmodernism view of science. The main thought approach of post-modern structuralism view of science is to regard science as a discourse practice, language-games and to combine the science and power. Among them, Foucault adapted the research methods of archaeology of knowledge and genealogy, advocated the view of power completely different from the traditional scientific knowledge theory with the re-interpretation of knowledge history, history of science and history of thoughts, and thus reflected deeply symbiotic relationship between power and science. Lyotard focused on the study about the state of knowledge in the contemporary western society with the use of the pragmatics’ ideas and methods to explain the social alienation and cultural variation symptoms in the contemporary capitalist society, and demonstrated the "meta-narrative" failure as the cognitive basis and maintaining network of western civilization and the resulting issue of the legality of scientific knowledge. The basic theory of Lyotard’s postmodernism view of science is the view of post-structuralism that emphasizes the “incommensurability” of knowledge and focuses on the various language differences.
Chapter 6, "reconstruction of the view of science and technology in the vision of humanism”, is the summary of this paper, which mainly discusses the two questions the evolution trajectory of the above-mentioned concept of science and technology and humanistic feelings in the reconstruction of the concept of science and technology. This thesis deems that the evolution of the modern concept of science and technology reflects a trend to return the life-world, which is not the pure "intellectual" world portrayed by the scientism view of science, nor is the "significant" world characterized by the humanism conception of science and technology. This life-world is the “real life-world” with the unity of significance and intellectual with humanistic feelings, and human beings can establish appropriate conception of science and technology only in a pluralism and reasonable norm practice.
站内搜索
