题目：专家、技术与权力：资源委员会技术治理实践研究（1932-1949）
答辩人：陈翔宇
指导老师：刘永谋
答辩时间：2022年5月20日
目录
绪论
1.选题依据
2.文献综述
3.研究方法
4.概念界定
5.逻辑结构
第1章 技术治理思想的传入与技术官僚群体的诞生
1.1 近代科学主义思潮下的技术治理思想
1.1.1 近代中国的科学主义思潮
1.1.2 技术治理思想传入与争论
1.1.3 技术治理思想的时代意义
1.2 科学本土化中的科学团体与技术官僚
1.2.1 近代科学社会化与社会科学化
1.2.2 科学本土化运动中的两个实例
1.2.3 技术专家的政治觉醒及其参与
第2章 资委会技术治理萌芽：国防设计委员会建立
2.1 国防设计委员会的技术专家
2.1.1 工程技术专家的职业分布
2.1.2 工程技术专家工业救国论
2.2 国防设计委员会的组织结构
2.2.1 国防设计委员会的领导人物
2.2.2 国防设计委员会的组织架构
2.2.3 国防设计委员会的主要职责
2.3 国防设计委员会的治理措施
2.3.1 展开全行业调查与统计
2.3.2 跨部门合作的行政体系
2.3.3技术专家主导工程建设
2.4 积极利用外资推动技术革新
第3章 资委会技术治理策略：技术救国到技术治国
3.1 国家资本主义
3.1.1 统制政策指导工业治理
3.1.2 资源委员会与多方合作
3.1.3 国家资本的贡献与局限
3.2 项目制的实施
3.2.1 计划经济到国家设计
3.2.2 工业建设的实践单元
3.3 推进技术革新
3.3.1 技术引进与技术合作
3.3.2 技术人才的培养制度
3.3.3 科学研究与工业互动
第4章 资委会技术治理行动：大型项目的计划实施
4.1 战时工业内迁与布局
4.1.1 工厂内迁的原则
4.1.2 工厂内迁的策略
4.1.3 工厂内迁的影响
4.2 长江三峡开发与建设
4.2.1 长江沿岸前期勘测
4.2.2 三峡计划初步报告
4.2.3 中美合作开发三峡
4.2.4 三峡开发实践意义
4.3 玉门油矿的成功实践
4.3.1 开发玉门油矿的背景
4.3.2 建立甘肃油矿筹备处
4.3.3 玉门油矿的现实意义
4.4 海南岛的构想与改造
4.4.1 海南岛的历史现实情况
4.4.2 改造海南岛的具体措施
4.5 大工程技术治理方法
4.5.1 以技术专家为中心
4.5.2 可持续的整体规划
4.5.3 建设中的量化管理
第5章 资委会技术治理结构：专家领导与科学管理
5.1 新政学系中的技术官僚
5.1.1 新政学系的起源
5.1.2 技术官僚的特征
5.1.3 技术官僚的影响
5.2 现代科学管理制度保障
5.2.1 技术专家负责制
5.2.2 科学激励制度化
5.2.3 标准化与规范化
5.2.4 产学研有机结合
5.2.5 企业的精神气质
第6章 资委会技术治理局限：技术专家的专制统治
6.1 技术治理的意识形态化
6.1.1 经济国家主义指导下的工业化建设
6.1.2 技术治理与国民党专制统治的融合
6.2 传统官僚制的现实局限
6.2.1 隶属关系混乱影响行政效率
6.2.2 吸收外援与独立建设相冲突
6.2.3 陷入各政治势力斗争的漩涡
6.3 起义分歧与社会化改造
第7章 技术治理的当代阐释与国家治理现代化要求
7.1 技术治理的技术演进
7.1.1 旧技术治理的缺陷
7.1.2 技术治理的新结构
7.1.3 治理的试验性模式
7.2 技术专家的社会角色
7.2.1 技术专家的信任度与责任伦理
7.2.2 技术专家角色变迁的社会意义
7.2.3 技术专家威权主义与政治赋权
7.3 国家治理的技术手段
7.3.1 国家治理现代化的内生动力
7.3.2 国家治理的技术自主性趋向
7.3.3 国家治理与技术民主化张力
结语
参考文献
致 谢
摘 要
国民政府资源委员会（以下简称“资委会”）是民国时期由工程技术专家领导的，开展全国工业及经济建设的重要行政机关，同时也是民国时期最大的国营企业，兼具政府与企业的双重属性。资委会前身是国防设计委员会，九一八事变后，于1932年11月在南京成立，隶属于国民政府参谋本部，蒋介石任委员长，翁文灏、钱昌照任正、副秘书长，主要任务是秘密开展国防相关的调查、研究、计划活动，以应对可能到来的全面战争。1935年4月国防设计委员会与兵工署资源司合并为资源委员会，隶属于国民政府军事委员会。1938年3月资委会改隶行政院经济部，自此事业重心由国防建设开始转向工业与经济的全面建设。1949年10月资委会接受新政权的重新整编，相关核心人员继续发挥余热，投入到新中国的工业与经济建设中。
资委会鼎盛时期下辖121家总公司，1000多家企事业单位，职员最多时一度达到32万余人，业务范围涵盖石油、钢铁、机械、采矿、电力、化工、造纸、制糖等所有工业部门。自洋务运动后，资委会促成了中国近代工业化的第二次飞跃，保障了战时中国的经济建设，也为新中国的工业发展积累了一定的专家与技术基础。作为政府行政机关，资委会及其技术专家群体的政治属性也备受瞩目，以工程技术专家翁文灏为代表的技术官僚在民国后期成为重要的政坛新势力，改变了延续上千年的文官治国传统。
本文从科学社会学角度出发，以资委会为研究对象，结合相关科技史实资料，深入剖析近代中国专家、技术与权力的内在历史逻辑联系，认为资委会得以蓬勃发展的本质原因在于其始终坚持以技术专家为领导、以科学管理为原则的技术治理模式，并认为该模式的建立具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。具体来看，主要体现在以下几个方面：
首先，资委会技术治理的建立具有深厚的思想传统，这其中包括中国近代科学主义与技术统治论两大思潮。科学主义思潮尽管掺杂了众多社会及政治的极端因素，但本质上仍然是对工具理性主义的追寻与捍卫。技术统治论则承袭了这种工具理性主义传统，主张科学家与工程师参与社会管理，以拯救民国时期的社会乱象。资委会的建立正是基于这两大思想传统，广泛吸纳科学家和工程师参与政府行政，从而催生出中国最早的技术官僚群体。
其次，资委会技术治理的实践经历了发展萌芽、制定策略、诉诸行动三个步骤，每一步都体现了资委会所倡导的技术专家领导和科学管理原则。其中从技术救国到技术治国的国家治理策略更是顺应了彼时的社会历史发展，技术专家被赋予一定的政治权力，从而可以更方便地开展相关技术革新与经济建设活动。反之，这些活动的成功实践也进一步提升了技术专家的政治地位，实现了技术发展与权力提升的顺利轮转。当然，专家在掌控技术与权力的过程中也出现了失衡现象，衍生出腐败、专制与垄断等传统官僚顽疾。
最后，资委会的技术治理实践对当前我国所倡导的国家治理体系与治理能力现代化有着重要的历史参考意义。治理主体、治理工具与治理意识的现代化都离不开科学技术的发展，在国家治理体系的搭建中，除了要与时俱进掌握现代化的科学技术知识，还应该嵌入更多责任伦理和人文关怀，避免资委会曾经出现的治理失衡现象。
关键词：民国政府；资源委员会；技术治理；技术专家；专家政治
The National Resources Commission (NRC) was an important administration for industrial and economic construction, and the largest state-owned enterprise led by engineers and technical experts during the Republican China. It has dual attributes of government and enterprise. The predecessor of the NRC was the National Defense Design Committee (NDDC), established in Nanjing in November 1932 after 9.18 Incident and affiliated to the General Staff Headquarters. Chiang Kai-Shek served as the chairman, Weng Wen-Hao and Qian Chang-Zhao served as the secretary-general and deputy secretary-general. NDDC secretly conduct national defense-related investigations, research, and planning activities in response to a possible war. In April 1935, the NDDC and the Resource Department of the Ordnance Industry Agency merged into the NRC, which was subordinate to the National Government Military Committee. In March 1938, the NRC was transferred to the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Executive Yuan. Since then, the focus of the work has shifted from national defense construction to comprehensive industrial and economic construction. In October 1949, the NRC accepted the reorganization of the new regime, and the core personnel continued to devote themselves to the industrial and economic construction for the new China.
The NRC had over 121 head offices, 1,000 enterprises and 320,000 stuff at one point, and its business scope covered petroleum, steel, machinery, mining, electric power, chemicals, paper, sugar, etc. Since the Self-Strengthening Movement, the NRC has contributed to the second leap of China's modern industrialization, guaranteed China's economic construction during the war, and accumulated certain experts and technical foundations for the industrial development of New China. As a government administration, the political attributes of the NRC and its technical expert group have also attracted much attention. Technocrats, like Weng Wen-Hao, became an important new political force in the late Republican China, as changing the thousand-year-old tradition of civilian governance.
This thesis, from the perspective of sociology of science, takes the NRC as the research object, according to the relevant historical data, deeply analyzes the inherent historical and logical connection between modern Chinese experts, technology and power, and believes that the essential reason for the vigorous development of the NRC is its persistent technocracy model led by technical experts and based on the principle of scientific management, and believes that the establishment of this model has important theoretical significance and practical value. Specifically, it is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
Firstly, the establishment of the technocracy of the NRC has a profound ideological tradition, including the two major trends of modern Chinese scientism and technocracy. Although the trend of scientism is mixed with many extreme social and political factors, it is still the pursuit and defense of instrumental rationalism in essence. Technocracy inherited this tradition of instrumental rationalism, advocating that scientists and engineers participate in social management to save the social chaos during the Republican China. The establishment of the NRC was based on these two ideological traditions, and it has widely attracted scientists and engineers to participate in government administration, thus giving birth to the earliest group of technocrats in China.
Secondly, the practice of NRC's technocracy has gone through three steps: development, formulation, and action, each step embodies the technical expert leadership and scientific management principles advocated by the NRC. Among them, the national governance strategy from saving the country with technology to governing the country with technology is in line with the social and historical development at that time. Technical experts are endowed with certain political powers, so that they can more easily carry out related technological innovation and economic construction activities. On the contrary, the successful practice of these activities has further enhanced the political status of technocrats and achieved a smooth rotation of technological development and power enhancement. Of course, there is also an imbalance in the process of experts controlling technology and power, which leads to traditional bureaucratic ills such as corruption, autocracy and monopoly.
Finally, the technocracy practice of the NRC has important historical reference significance for the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity advocated by our country. The modernization of governance subjects, governance tools and governance consciousness are inseparable from the development of science and technology. In the construction of the national governance system, in addition to keeping pace with the times and mastering modern scientific and technological knowledge, more responsibility ethics and humanistic care should be embedded, and avoid the governance imbalance that has occurred in the NRC.
Key words: Republican China; National Resources Commission; Technocracy; Technical experts; Expert politics.
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