2022-李洋-智能革命的认识论探析

题目：智能革命的认识论探析

答辩人：李洋

指导老师：王伯鲁教授

答辩时间：2022年5月15日

绪论

0.1 选题背景

0.2 选题意义

0.3 文献综述

0.3.1 人工智能研究综述

0.3.2 智能革命文献综述

0.4 研究方法与主要思路

0.4.1 研究方法

0.4.2 主要思路

0.4.3 拟完成的创新

第1章智能革命的概念解析

1.1 智能革命的图景

1.2 智能的认识论多面审视

1.2.1 智能初探——图灵的模仿游戏

1.2.2 智能的内在论解释——塞尔的中文屋

1.2.3 智能的结果论解释——反驳意识的神秘性

1.2.4 智能的生物解释与文化解释

1.2.5 智能诠释的多面性

1.3 革命释义的新解读

1.3.1 Revolution概念的演变——“命运之轮”的周期与割裂

1.3.2 科学革命对革命释义的启发

1.3.3 连续与断裂：两重性视域下的智能革命

1.4 智能革命的内涵与外延

1.4.1 智能革命的内涵

1.4.2 智能革命的外延

1.5 本章小结

第2章技术基石：智能革命的技术结构

2.1 智能技术革命的狭义层面——从人工智能谈起

2.1.1 人工智能对人类认知方式的探索

2.1.2 人工智能对人类智能机制的模仿

2.1.3 人工智能于环境的交互学习

2.1.4 人机赛博体：人工智能的脑机融合实践

2.2 智能技术革命的广义层面——百花齐放的智能技术

2.2.1 智能技术的核心基石：半导体芯片技术

2.2.2 智能技术的信息源：大数据技术

2.2.3 智能技术的运作：智能算法与云计算

2.2.4 智能技术的通联：物联网

2.2.5 智能技术的客户端：以手机为代表的终端设备

2.3 智能技术革命的泛义层面

2.4 智能革命的技术判定依据

2.4.1 智能技术与旧技术的“命运之轮”转换

2.4.2 以人工智能为核心的“中心环绕体系”

2.4.3 技术体系的智能化趋势

2.5 本章小结

第3章价值范式：智能革命的技术认识维度剖析

3.1 技术哲学视角下的技术演化特征与智能技术

3.1.1 技术的“机器化”特征与智能技术

3.1.2 技术的“自主化”特征与智能技术

3.1.3 技术的赋权特征与智能技术

3.1.4 技术的“价值化”特征与智能技术

3.2 传统的技术范式

3.2.1 技术需求的推动

3.2.2 技术文化的规约

3.3 智能革命的新技术范式初探

3.4本章小结

第4章产业升级：智能革命的产业认识维度分析

4.1 以智能技术为主导技术的智能产业革命蓝图

4.1.1 技术与产业的关联性：智能技术系统到智能工业系统

4.1.2 智能技术在产业体系中的新应用

4.2 智能技术革命到智能产业革命的跃变

4.2.1 从生产力的角度看

4.2.2 从生产关系的角度看

4.2.3 从“动力机——传动机——工作机”的角度看

4.2.4 从科学革命、技术革命、产业革命的关系看

4.3 智能革命的产业判定依据

4.4本章小结

第5章智能社会：智能革命的社会认识维度探索

5.1 社会的技术化趋势

5.2 智能技术与社会生活

5.2.1 智能产品的个性化

5.2.2 智能服务的便捷化

5.3 智能革命的社会判定依据

5.3.1 智能技术的经济效应

5.3.2 智能技术的政治效应

5.3.3 智能技术的社会效应

5.4 智能社会的新问题与新挑战

5.4.1 人工智能的伦理问题隐忧

5.4.2 算法歧视问题

5.4.3 人脸识别滥用问题

5.5本章小结

结语：智能文明的反思

参考文献

致谢

摘要

随着人类社会深度科技化时代的来临，智能革命业已成为学界广泛讨论的概念和议题。智能革命究竟是指什么？应该如何理解智能革命？它具有怎样的特征？判定它的标准又是什么？为什么使用智能革命形容人类社会的新变化？如何从技术、产业、社会的角度解读智能革命？智能革命将为人类社会带来怎样的问题与挑战？

智能革命是对当代科技社会发展的全方位的综合性描述。本文运用解构的方法，尝试避免智能革命诠释的片面化。一方面，智能的认识论是多面向的。人工智能哲学给出了智能的内在论和结果论解释，认知科学家侧重于智能的生物解释，社会科学家重视智能的实践、情感、社会层面的文化诠释。另一方面，革命是断裂和连续的统一。它既有激烈的、重建的、结构性变革之意，又有循环的、周期的、“命运之轮”意义上的位置转换之意。因此，智能革命的内涵是人工智能对人类智能的模仿和超越，是从“体能”到“智能”的跃变。从外延看，智能革命又是从技术领域到产业领域的延伸，再到社会领域的散延。

智能革命是一场技术革命，关于它的讨论源于人工智能技术的发展。人工智能是智能革命的技术基石。狭义上，人工智能通过探索人类认知方式、模仿人类智能机制、适应与环境交互学习等方式模拟人类智能，创新技术突破。广义上，形成了围绕人工智能的，包含半导体芯片技术、大数据技术、智能算法、云计算、物联网、智能手机的智能技术主导技术群。泛义上，生物工程、基因工程、新材料、新能源等技术辅助智能技术发展。智能技术与传统信息技术发生“命运之轮”的转换，形成了以人工智能为核心的“中心环绕体系”，技术体系出现智能化趋势。智能革命源于技术革命。

智能技术的机器化、自主化、赋权、价值化属性反映出技术演化的阶段性特征。价值因素是智能技术范式的新特质，区别于需求推动和文化规约下技术目的、技术效率主导的传统范式，智能技术革命形成了功能、效率、价值综合的新技术范式。价值因素的融入也是智能革命不同于历史上技术革命的新之所在。

智能革命推动了产业革命。历史上的技术革命往往会延展到产业领域，智能革命亦不例外。智能技术体系到智能产业体系的延展，集中体现于智能技术在生产制造中的新应用。产品研发、生产流程、物流配送、客户服务等环节被纳入智能产业体系，人工智能在智能维护、产品质量控制和需求规划方面发挥了不可替代的作用。智能技术提升了生产力，重塑了生产关系，为产业升级注入新活力。智能技术在一定程度上弥补了产业发展中的短板，产生“木桶效应”，顺应了智能产业革命升级的经济逻辑，加速了智能产业革命趋势。因而智能革命延展到产业革命范畴。

智能革命引发了社会革命。智能社会是社会技术化趋势的当代标签。智能技术已经渗透到社会生活的细枝末节，尤其以个性化智能产品和定制化智能服务为代表。智能技术的经济效应、政治效应、社会效应共同建构了智能社会的新场域。智能革命散延至社会革命范畴。同时，智能革命也给人类社会带来新挑战。人工智能的伦理问题隐忧、智能算法的歧视争议、人脸识别技术的隐私权顾虑成为智能社会面临的新难题。智能社会变革令人喜忧参半。人类能否善用智能革命成果，如今成为关系到人类命运的现实性命题。

关键词：智能革命；革命两重性；人工智能；价值范式；产业智能化；智能社会

Abstract

The artificial intelligent revolution has become a topic widely discussed in academic circles in the context of technologicalization of human society. What do we expect to talk about artificial inteligent revolution? What kind of characteristics does it have? What is the standard for identifying it? How should it be understood? Generally, why do we use the concept "intelligent revolution" to describe new changes? How to interpret the intelligent revolution from the perspective of technology, industry or society, respectively? What challenges will the intelligent revolution bring to human society?

The intelligent revolution is a sysmatic, multi-faceted and comprehensive description. To answer these questions, this paper applies deconstruction method to avoid narrow interpretation in the conceptualization of intelligent revolution. On the one hand, the epistemology of intelligence is multi-faceted. Philosophers give sophisticated and functionalist explanations about what intelligence is. Natural scientists focus on the biological and cognitive explanation of intelligence. Social scientists pay more attention to the cultural interpretation of intelligence at practical, emotional, and social levels. Revolution, on the other hand, is a complex conception of rupture and continuity. It has the meaning of drastic, reconstructive, and structural reformation, and also could be understood as quasi-cyclical, periodic, and positional replacement in the sense of "wheel of fortune". The connotation of the intelligent revolution refers to the capability of AI, which implies a power of surpassing human natural intelligence, suggests that AI could replace human brain work somehow. Moreover, the intelligent revolution is an extension from technology to industry, and society.

The intelligent revolution is a technological revolution, which is a discussion stems from the development of AI. In a narrow sense, AI simulates human intelligence and creates technological breakthroughs by exploring human cognitive knowledge, imitating human intelligence, and learning through interaction with the environment. In a broad sense, an intelligent technology cluster has been formed, including semiconductor chip technology, big data technology, intelligent algorithms, cloud computing, Internet of Things, and smartphones etc. Widely, bioengineering, genetic engineer, material engineer, and renewable energy assist the update of intelligent technologies. The transformation of the "wheel of fortune" between intelligent technology and traditional information technology has formed a "center-surrounding system" as AI locating at the core. Technology system shows a tendency of intellectualization. Therefore, the intelligent revolution could originate from a technological revolution.

Moreover, the intelligent revolution reflects some characteristic of technical evolution, including mechanization, autonomization, empowerment, and value attributes. Value has been is a new factor of technology paradigm. Different from the traditional paradigm containing function and efficiency under demand-driven and cultural conventions, the intelligent technological revolution’s paradigm consists of comprehensive factors of function, efficiency and value.

Besides, the intelligent revolution drives a industrial revolution. Technological revolutions in history often extend to the industrial field, and the intelligent revolution is the same as well. The extension of intelligent technology system to intelligent industrial system is obvious, especially indicating that smart machine applied in manufacture. Product research, production process, distribution, customer service have been incorporated into the intelligent industry system, and AI has played an irreplaceable role in intelligent maintenance, product quality control and demand planning. Intelligent technology has improved productivity, reshaped production relations, and injected new vitality into industrial upgrading. To a certain extent, intelligent technology makes up for the shortcomings in industrial development, which indicating as a "cask effect", accelerating the trend of intelligent industrial revolution. Therefore, the intelligent revolution is rather a industrial revolution.

Finally, the intelligent revolution has sparked a social revolution. The intelligent society is a contemporary manifestation of the technicalization trend of modern society. Intelligent technology has penetrated into details of social life, especially represented by personalized intelligent products and customized intelligent services. The economic effect, political effect and social effect of intelligent technology have jointly constructed a new field of intelligent society. Thus, the intelligent revolution spreads to the social revolution. The intelligent revolution has also brought new challenges to human society. The ethical concerns of AI, the algorithmic discrimination disputes, and the privacy concerns on face recognition have become new problems faced by human in a intelligent society. The transformation of the intelligent society is a mixed blessing. Whether human beings can make good use of the achievements of the intelligent revolution, it has become a practical problem related to the destiny of human beings.

Key words: The Intelligent Revolution; Dual Nature of Revolution; Artificial Intelligence; Value Paradigm; AI Industry; AI Society