2022-孙恩慧：技术共生观研究

题目：技术共生观研究

答辩人：孙恩慧

指导教师：王伯鲁

答辩时间：2022年5月15日

绪论

0.1 选题背景与意义

0.1.1 选题背景

0.1.2 选题意义

0.2 文献综述与研究现状

0.2.1 技术间的共生

0.2.2 技术的进化、创新与衰亡

0.2.3 技术与社会的共生

0.2.4 对文献及研究现状的评述

0.3 研究思路、方法与创新性

0.3.1 研究思路

0.3.2 研究方法

0.3.3 创新性

第1章技术共生现象的普遍性

1.1 技术间共生现象的普遍性

1.1.1 横向共生：结构及功能中的互补与协同

1.1.2 纵向共生：运动与演化中的承接与联动

1.2 技术与环境间共生现象的普遍性

1.2.1 技术与自然环境的共生

1.2.2 技术与社会环境的共生

1.3 对技术共生现象展开反思的重要性

1.3.1“深度融合”是技术发展的必然趋势

1.3.2 新兴技术的发展要求探索社会与技术的新型共生之路

1.4 本章小结

第2章技术共生观的理论基础

2.1 西蒙栋对技术物存在模式及其与人类关系的重构

2.1.1 技术物的个体化过程

2.1.2 人与技术的互补与协作关系

2.2 吉尔的技术系统理论

2.2.1 技术系统的内部结构关系

2.2.2 技术系统的演化及其与社会环境的相互作用

2.3 行动者网络理论对非人行动者主体性的阐释

2.4 本章小结

第3章技术间共生关系的生成与演化

3.1 技术间共生关系的生成动力

3.1.1 必要性：社会与技术发展的客观需求

3.1.2 可能性：技术元素的供给作用

3.2 技术间共生关系的两种演化模式

3.2.1 卫星式共生模式及结构深化式演化

3.2.2 链条型结合模式及层级式演化

3.3 技术间共生关系的生命周期

3.4 本章小结

第4章外部环境对技术共生演化的引导与规制

4.1 社会环境要素的一般特征及其对技术的影响

4.1.1 社会经济对技术的影响

4.1.2 政府政策对技术演化的影响

4.1.3 社会文化对技术的影响

4.2 技术与环境之间关系的重新审度

4.2.1 技术环境论：人文主义技术哲学语境下的“环境”解读

4.2.2 环境地位的归正：对技术环境论的驳斥

4.3 环境对技术演化的规制与选择

4.3.1 自然选择机制：达尔文主义式的技术演化

4.3.2 能动适应机制：拉马克主义式的技术演化

4.3.3 对两种演化机制的反思

4.4 本章小结

第5章新兴技术对社会环境的冲击：以数字技术为例

5.1 数字技术的主要特征

5.2 数字技术对艺术与文化的冲击

5.2.1 数字技术与艺术文化的属性冲突

5.2.2 技术形式对文化内容的反噬

5.3 新兴技术对社会技术体系的冲击

5.3.1 社会技术体系与新技术的错位与失衡

5.3.2 新型社会技术形态的形成：以外卖平台体系为例

5.4 本章小结

第6章技术观的共生化转向

6.1 推动技术发展的多样性与适度性

6.1.1 维持技术多样性是技术全面发展的前提

6.1.2 引导新兴技术适度发展是技术稳健前行的保证

6.1.3 技术发展结构的矫正：从“内卷化”到“可持续”

6.2 共生视域下的技术异化出路

6.2.1 现实主义的、政治经济学的技术批判路径

6.2.2 浪漫主义的、文化人类学的技术批判路径

6.2.3 建构合乎生态价值观的人-技关系

6.3 技术认识论的共生化变迁

6.3.1 工程学传统的技术观及其局限性

6.3.2 人文主义传统的技术观及其局限性

6.3.3 社会建构论对人文主义技术观的超越及其缺陷

6.3.4 技术共生观的超越性

6.4 本章小结

结语

参考文献

致谢

摘要

本文旨在提出并阐述一种共生性的技术观，以重新审视技术系统的演化及其与环境（主要指社会环境）的互动，并深入挖掘技术共生现象所蕴含的人文意蕴与价值理念。“共生”一词是一种形容与比拟，描绘了技术体系内部各层次之间及其与外部环境之间有机融合、相互依存、动态平衡的关系形态。本文所探讨的技术共生现象主要分为两个层次，即技术间的共生和技术与社会环境间的共生，前者展现为各种技术之间的兼容方式与耦合关系；后者展现为技术与社会的有机融合与相互适应。技术共生观是从整体性、演化性视角理解技术的存在、进步与创新，将技术系统视为具有生成性、有机性特征的类生命系统，生动呈现了技术系统的内在发育机制及其与社会的互动。从一定意义上来说，技术共生理论是一门“关系”哲学，它强调不同技术间、社会与技术间的依存性、有机性与和谐性，追求发展过程的科学性、协调性与可持续性，对促进技术与社会的协调发展、调节人与技术间的冲突与矛盾、提高技术创新效率等问题具有较大的启示意义，是适应现代科技、经济与社会集群团簇式生长趋势的理论研究。

第1章指出技术共生现象的普遍性及对其展开研究的重要性。技术间的共生现象既存在于技术个体，也存在于技术群体；既体现于技术结构及功能上的相互支撑，又体现于技术运动与演化过程中的前后承接与相互促进。技术与社会的共生是技术系统内部共生关系在现实环境中的具象化表现，因为技术的生成与发展是在一定环境条件下实现的，直接或间接地受到环境中各类因素的影响，同时也反过来塑造和创生着环境。因此，技术内部共生关系是嵌合在外部共生关系中的，立体交叉的技术联动网络在经济、文化、政策等社会环境中生成。由此可见，技术共生关系是一种有机的内在联系，是技术系统内部演进与运动的张力和社会环境的约束力与激发力结合而成的动态平衡的时空形式，总体呈现为技术与技术之间、技术与社会之间相互依赖、互荣共济的局面。当前时代，不管是技术间的共生还是技术与社会环境的共生，都呈现出了前所未有的新态势，对技术与人类社会的发展造成了极大影响，有鉴于此，必须要对技术共生现象本身及其最新演变展开深入探讨。

第2章从技术哲学、技术史、技术社会学三个角度阐述了技术共生现象的理论基础。西蒙栋、吉尔和拉图尔等人从动态关系视角出发，对技术的本质及其与人的相互作用做出分析，肯定了技术物的主体能动性，指出了技术存在与演化进程中的有机性与系统性特征，为本文建构技术共生理论提供了理论前提与基础。

第3章主要阐释了技术间共生关系的形成机制与演化过程。技术间共生关系的生成动力源于两个方面：一是需求的推动，二是既有技术的供给作用。其演进主要表现为两个方面，一是共生结构的不断深化，二是组成要素的改进。前者体现为卫星式共生结构的演进，后者是指技术链上各技术环节所进行的进步与创新，两个过程交织进行，共同推动共生整体的发展。

第4章和第5章从两个方面探究了技术与环境（包括社会环境与自然环境）间共生关系的互动机制，即环境对技术演化的引导与规制，以及技术对环境的冲击。第4章通过对技术环境论的反驳，指出必须矫正“环境”的概念与地位，从而使技术与环境的关系得以正确归位，并从技术进化论的角度探讨了环境对技术演化的影响机制。第5章从数字技术入手，选取社会中的具体案例探究新兴技术与社会环境融合过程中所出现的矛盾与冲突，并强调在新兴技术的冲击下，必须加强社会技术体系自身的建设，使其能对新兴技术进行有效统辖与调节；提防资本助推下的技术霸权现象，以法律和伦理等社会机制引导与约束新兴技术的应用；推进社会与新兴技术最终实现协同演进。

第6章指出应从技术发展观、人-技关系观、技术认识论三个方面推动技术观的共生化转向。从技术发展观来看，应推动“唯新”“唯应用”的不平衡性技术发展现状走向具有协调性与可持续性的技术发展模式；从人-技关系观来看，应以生态价值观来重新调整人-技关系，实现从“巨机器”式人-技关系向共生式人-技关系的转变；从技术认识论来看，技术共生观扭转了技术异化问题的批判路径，实现了对工程学与人文主义传统技术观的融合与超越，并对技术的社会建构论做了进一步延伸。

关键词：共生；技术观；技术演化；技术系统；社会环境

Abstract

This dissertation presents and expounds on a symbiotic view of technology to re-examine the evolution of technology system and its interaction with the environment (which mainly refers to the social environment). Furthermore, it aims to explore the humanistic implication and value concept of the phenomenon of technological symbiosis. Symbiosis is a type of description and comparison of the relationship form of organic integration, interdependence, and dynamic balance among various levels within the technology system and between the system and the external environment. The phenomenon of technological symbiosis, as discussed in this dissertation, mainly includes two levels, namely, the symbiosis among technologies and between technology and the social environment. The first illustrates the compatible mode and coupling relationship among various technologies, whereas the second demonstrates the organic integration and mutual adaptation between technology and society. The view of technological symbiosis understands the existence, progress, and innovation of technology from the perspectives of integrity and evolution and regards the technology system as a form of life system with generative and organic characteristics. It vividly presents the mechanism for the internal development of the technological system and its interaction with society. To a certain extent, the theory of technological symbiosis is a relationship philosophy that emphasizes the dependent, organic, and harmonious relationships among different technologies and between society and technology. Furthermore, it pursues a scientific, coordinated, and sustainable development process. As such, promoting the coordinated development of technology and society, adjusting the conflicts and contradictions between humans and technology, and improving the efficiency of technological innovation are significant aspects. This study is theoretical and adapts to the trend of cluster growth in modern science, technology, economy, and society.

Chapter 1 points out the universality of technological symbiosis and the importance of studying it. The symbiosis among technologies is observed in individuals and groups. It is reflected not only in the mutual support of technology structure and function but also in the continuity and mutual promotion of technology movement and evolution. The symbiosis between technology and society is the concrete expression of the symbiosis within the technology system in the real environment. That is, the generation and development of technology are realized under certain environmental conditions, directly or indirectly affected by various factors in the environment. Moreover, the generation and development of technology, in turn, shape and create the environment. Therefore, the internal symbiotic relationship of technology is embedded in the external symbiotic relationship, and the technology network is generated in the economic, cultural, policy, and other social environments. The symbiotic relationship of technology is an organic internal connection. It is a dynamically balanced Spatio-temporal form formed by the combination of the tension of the internal evolution of the technology system and the binding and stimulating force of the social environment. Moreover, this relationship generally presents a situation of interdependence and coexistence among technologies, and between technology and society. In the current era, the symbioses among technologies and between technologies and the social environment have shown an unprecedented new trend. This event has caused a great influence on the development of technology and human society. Because of this, an in-depth discussion on the phenomenon of technological symbiosis and its latest evolution should be conducted.

Chapter 2 expounds on the theoretical basis of technological symbiosis from the perspectives of technological philosophy, history of technology, and sociology of technology. From the dynamic relationship perspective, Simondon, Gille, and Latour analyzed the essence of technology and its interaction with humans and affirmed the subject initiative of technological objects. Moreover, they pointed out the organic and systematic characteristics in the process of technology existence and evolution, which provided a theoretical premise and basis for the construction of technological symbiosis theory in this dissertation.

Chapter 3 mainly explains the formation mechanism and evolution process of the symbiotic relationship among technologies. The generation of power sources for the symbiotic relationship among technologies comes from two aspects, namely, the promotion of demand and the supply function of existing technology. Its evolution is mainly reflected in two aspects, that is, the continuous deepening of symbiotic structure and the improvement of constituent elements. The former is embodied in the evolution of the satellite symbiotic structure, whereas the latter refers to the progress and innovation of technological nodes in the technology chain. These two processes are intertwined to jointly promote the overall development of symbiosis.

Chapters 4 and 5 explore the interaction mechanism of the symbiotic relationship between technology and environment (including social environment and natural environment) from two aspects, that is, the guidance and regulation of the environment on the evolution of technology and the impact of technology on the environment, respectively. Chapter 4 refutes the theory of technological environment and points out that the concept and status of “environment” should be corrected so that the relationship between technology and environment can be put in the correct position. This chapter also discusses the influence mechanism of the environment on technological evolution from the technology evolution theory perspective. Chapter 5 begins with digital technology, selecting specific cases in society to explore the contradictions and conflicts faced during the integration of emerging technologies and social environments. This chapter emphasizes that the construction of the social technology system must be strengthened to improve the governance and regulation under the impact of emerging technologies. It also warns us to remain aware of the phenomenon of technological hegemony promoted by capital. Moreover, this chapter encourages us to guide and restrict the application of emerging technologies with social mechanisms, such as law and ethics. Furthermore, Chapter 5 suggests that we promote the coordinated evolution of society and emerging technologies.

Chapter 6 points out that the symbiosis turn of technological view should be promoted from three aspects, that is, the view of technological development, the view of the human–technology relationship, and the epistemology of technology. From the technological development perspective, we should promote the unbalanced technological development status of “only innovation” and “only application” to a coordinated and sustainable technological development model. Then, from the human–technology relationship perspective, we should readjust the human–technology relationship with the ecological values to realize the transformation from the “Megamachine” human–technology relationship to the symbiotic human–technology relationship. Finally, from the epistemology of technology perspective, the concept of technological symbiosis has reversed the critical path of technological alienation. This concept has also realized the integration and transcendence of engineering and humanism traditional technology view and further extended the theory of social constructivism of technology.

Key Words：symbiosis; view of technology; technological evolution; technology system; social environment