题  目：走向太空的伦理问题研究

答辩人：吕莎

指导老师：刘大椿教授

答辩时间：2019年5月10日

 

 

目    录

导 论

1.太空伦理问题的凸显

2.国内外太空伦理研究的现状

3.选题意义与论文框架

第1章 人类太空探索的历程   

1.1 何谓太空？ 

1.1.1 相关概念的界定   

1.1.2 太空探索的动机   

1.1.3 太空探索的新使命 

1.1.4 太空伦理学的学科语境 

1.2 太空探索的若干技术手段 

1.2.1 运载火箭 

1.2.2 卫星 

1.2.3 空间站   

1.2.4 深空探测器   

1.3 未来太空探索的趋势 

1.3.1 月球、火星资源的开发 

1.3.2 外星环境地球化的萌芽 

1.3.3 人类太空探索的风险性 

第2章 太空探索的生命伦理问题

2.1 人类宇航员的生命伦理问题

2.1.1 宇航员面临的心理风险

2.1.2 宇航员面临的身体风险

2.2 动物宇航员的生命伦理问题

2.2.1 动物宇航员的现状

2.2.2 反动动物太空实验的伦理观

2.2.3 赞成动物太空实验的伦理观

第3章 太空探索的环境伦理问题

3.1 太空的环境伦理观

3.1.1 大地伦理及其对太空伦理的借鉴意义

3.1.2 环境美德伦理及其对太空伦理的借鉴意义

3.2 地球环境与太空环境的界定

3.2.1 两种环境观的趋同性

3.2.2 两种环境观的相异性

3.3 太空环境污染问题

3.3.1 地球污染问题对未来太空探索的警示

3.3.2 关于太空环境治理的国际共识

3.3.3 太空碎片及其它环境污染问题

第4章 太空探索的政治军事伦理问题

4.1 地缘政治的延伸

4.1.1 从地球到太空

4.1.2 太空成为人类的新领域

4.2 国际竞争与国际合作

4.2.1 太空成为国际竞争对象的必然性

4.2.2 在对抗与对话中保持必要的张力

4.3 太空军事化及其风险规避

4.3.1 太空军事化的现状

4.3.2 太空军事化对环境的影响

4.3.3 太空军事化及其风险规避

第5章 太空探索的若干应用伦理问题

5.1 未来的太空新行业

5.1.1 地球资源的新应用

5.1.2 非地球资源的应用

5.1.3 新行业带来的新问题

5.2 太空旅游

5.2.1 太空旅游的现状

5.2.2 太空旅游面临的风险问题

5.3 小行星开采的伦理问题

5.3.1 小行星开采的现状

5.3.2 小行星开采的伦理问题

5.3.3 对小行星开采的辩护

5.4 太空保护的哲学及实践层面

5.4.1 太空保护的哲学层面

5.4.2 太空保护的实践层面

5.4.3 树立可持续的太空发展观

结语

参考文献

附录

致谢

摘 要

本文探究的核心问题是：太空作为一种伦理问题何以可能？太空伦理问题研究所遵循的原则是什么？对太空探索和开发进行学理和实践层面的分析，得出太空伦理问题的四个原则（1）整体性原则；（2）自由公平原则；（3）共同但有差别的责任原则；（4）可持续发展的原则。从广义的层面看，这些原则适用于太空开发的全过程，但对于如保护性原则虽然没有直接提出来，但它却贯穿于整个太空开发过程中。因此，需要根据不同的语境，灵活运用这些原则。

论文从导论入手，通过对国内外文献的系统梳理，可以得出太空伦理问题研究主要聚焦于生命伦理问题、环境伦理问题、政治军事伦理问题及若干应用伦理问题，但并不拘泥于这几个方面。

第1章:人类太空探索的历程。何谓太空？首先对太空、伦理学和太空伦理学概念进行界定。太空伦理学由一系列广泛的问题组成，如生命伦理问题、环境伦理问题、军事伦理问题等。借助太空探索的若干技术手段，在太空探索过程中，人类利用太空技术去解决遇到的难题。未来太空探索的趋势是，在充分挖掘太空丰富的资源的同时，确保为全人类谋取最大的利益。

第2章:太空探索的生命伦理问题。重点讲述太空探索过程中人类宇航员在太空中所面临的心理和身体方面的问题以及动物宇航员进入太空所面临的生命伦理问题。人与动物之间是否存在道德关系？人类对动物负有哪些义务（如果存在的话）动物的道德地位是什么？动物是否有存在的权利，如果有的话，人类是否要对动物进行保护？当人类宇航员和动物宇航员进入太空引发伦理冲突，是否可以用机器人来代替两者进入太空？

 第3章:太空探索的环境伦理问题。重点讲述太空探索过程中的环境伦理问题。首先，对地球环境和太空环境的概念进行界定，两者之间的趋同性和相异性进行论述。围绕“太空是否是一种环境？”进行深入的探讨。支持者认为，太空是一种环境，因为它与人类的福祉有关系。反对者认为，不能把太空当作一种环境，因为太空中没有生命，故不需要给予道德关怀。笔者认为，首先，太空环境是宝贵的，它代表了自由，为人类提供无限的想象力。其次，太空开发的环境伦理原则是建立在土地伦理和环境美德伦理基础上。最后，在太空开发的过程中，已经出现太空污染、核污染等现象，人类如何去解决污染并做到把风险控制在最小的范围内，是值得深思的。太空环境将明确聚焦于太空资产可能受到轨道碎片和近地天体的环境威胁，特别是小行星撞击地球事件的发生。由于人类航天活动增加而新出现的轨道碎片问题也将重点进行讨论。

第4章:太空探索的政治军事伦理问题。针对太空探索的政治军事伦理问题进行研究。太空技术的发展，使人类的争夺区域从陆地、海洋、天空扩展到外层空间。太空作为一种独特的介质存在于太空力量中，而太空力量的本质是使用或威胁太空系统，以达到政治的目的。现在各航天大国，都在竞相研制太空武器，为了国家的安全而在太空部署相关武器。为防止太空军事化的发生，国际社会已经制定了一系列太空条约。对于少数国家不负责任的做法，应该建立负责任的信任机制，维护现有的太空法律机制。

第5章:太空探索的若干应用伦理问题。从太空中的资源被广泛应用于人类的开发过程中，将传统的医药、材料加工、农业育种以及旅游业输入太空进行新行业的开发。地球资源和非地球资源的广泛应用，为人类太空探索带来了便捷。本文将太空应用聚焦在太空旅游业和小行星开采方面。太空旅游业突破传统旅游业的发展瓶颈，但在太空特殊的环境下，也会引发一系列风险问题。未来小行星开采将弥补地球资源的不足，但小行星开采也引发人类伦理层面的争论，是要维持小行星的现状还是对其进行开发？这些问题都值得深入思考。

本论文从第1章到第5章之间有紧密的联系，它们都与 “环境”有关系，都是太空伦理学研究所需要解决的问题。然而，有的问题人类现在就可以解决，如太空污染问题，可以及时采取有利措施。而如太空旅游引发的伦理争议，因为这是个新兴的产业，目前还未找到合适的解决办法。目前，人类对太空的开发只关注太空给人类带来的好处，很少考虑背后潜在的风险问题。因此，如何在哲学层面对太空进行保护是很有必要的。本文可能会对某一现象提出不同的问题，但不会对这些问题进行详细的解答，只针对有代表性的问题进行分析解答，由于现有的技术手段和知识还无法对所有的问题进行解答，但随着人类太空探索技术手段越来越先进，以及人类思维能力的不断加强，有的问题在随后可以得到解决。本论文所提到的问题，将为人类未来的太空开发起到抛砖引玉的作用。

 

关键词：太空；太空伦理学；太空命运共同体；人类命运共同体；伦理反思

 

Abstract

The core issues explored in this paper are: How is space possible as an ethical issue? What are the principles followed by space ethics? Through theoretical and practical analysis of space exploration and development, four principles of space ethics are drawn: (1) the principle of integrity; (2) the principle of freedom and fairness; (3) the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities; and (4) the principle of sustainable development. In a broad sense, these principles are applicable to the whole process of space development, but although the protective principle, for example, has not been put forward directly, it runs through the whole process of space development. Therefore, these principles need to be applied flexibly according to different contexts.

Starting with the introduction and systematic review of the literature at home and abroad, the paper shows that space ethics mainly focuses on bioethics issues, environmental ethics issues, political and military ethics issues and some applied ethics issues, but it is not limited to these aspects.

Chapter 1：The History of Human Space Exploration. What is space? Firstly, the concepts of space, ethics and space ethics are defined. Space ethics consists of a wide range of issues, such as the issues of bioethics, environmental ethics, military ethics and so on. With the help of several technological means of space exploration, human beings use space technology to solve the problems they encounter in the process of space exploration. The trend of space exploration in the future is to ensure the greatest benefit for all mankind while fully exploiting the abundant resources of space.

Chapter 2：Bioethics Issues in Space Exploration. This paper focuses on the psychological and physical problems faced by human astronauts in space and the bioethical problems faced by animal astronauts when they enter space. Is there a moral relationship between human beings and animals? What are the human obligations to animals (if any)? What is the moral status of animals? Do animals have the right to exist, and if so, should humans protect them? When it triggers ethical conflicts that human astronauts and animal astronauts enter space, can robots be used instead of both?

Chapter 3：Environmental Ethics Issues in Space Exploration. It focuses on environmental ethics in the process of space exploration. Firstly, the paper defines the concepts of the earth environment and the space environment, and discusses the similarities and differences between them. It makes in-depth discussion around “Is space an environment?” Supporters believe that space is an environment because it is related to human well-being. Opponents argue that space cannot be regarded as an environment. Because there is no life in space, there is no need to give moral care. The author believes that, first of all, the space environment is precious. It represents freedom and provides infinite imagination for human beings. Secondly, the environmental ethics principle of space development is based on land ethics and environmental virtue ethics. Finally, in the process of space development, space pollution, nuclear pollution and other phenomena have emerged. It is worth pondering how to solve the pollution and keep risks to a minimum. The space environment will clearly focus on the possibility that space assets may be threatened by orbital debris and near-Earth objects, especially the occurrence of asteroid impacts on Earth. The emerging orbital debris problem due to the increase in human space activities will also be discussed.

Chapter 4 ：Political and Military Ethics Issues in Space Exploration. It focuses on the political and military ethics in space exploration. With the development of space technology, the area of human race has expanded from land, ocean and sky to outer space, that is, the extension from “land power” to “air power”. With the right to control the air, it will be able to reveal the mystery of space unimpededly, and take the lead in exploiting and utilizing the wealth of space, so as to enhance national economic strength, scientific and technological strength and military strength. With the right to control the air, it will be conducive to the development of the power of space weapons. Space exists as a unique medium in space power, and the essence of space power is to use or threaten space systems for political purposes. At present, the major space powers are competing to develop space weapons and deploy related weapons in space for the sake of national security. In order to prevent the militarization of space, the international community has formulated a series of space treaties. For the irresponsible practices of a few countries, a responsible trust mechanism should be established to safeguard the existing space legal mechanism.

Chapter 5: Several Applied Ethics Issues in Space Exploration. Resources from space are widely used in the process of human development. Traditional medicine, material processing, agricultural breeding and tourism are imported into space for the development of new industries. The wide application of earth resources and non-earth resources has brought convenience to human space exploration. In this paper, space applications are focused on space tourism and asteroid mining. Space tourism breaks through the bottleneck of traditional tourism development, but in the special space environment, it will also trigger a series of risk issues. In the future, asteroid mining will make up for the shortage of the earth's resources, but asteroid mining also triggers a debate on human ethics. Is it to maintain the status of asteroids or to develop them? All these questions deserve deep consideration.

It seems that the chapters from 1 to 5 are closely related. They are all related to the “environment”, and they are all the issues that need to be solved in the study of space ethics. However, some problems can be solved by human beings now, such as space pollution, and favorable measures can be taken in time. Others, for example, the ethical controversy caused by space tourism, because it is a new industry, have not yet found a suitable solution. At present, human beings only pay attention to the benefits of space to human beings, and rarely consider the potential risks behind it. Therefore, how to protect space at the philosophical level is very necessary. This paper may raise different questions about a certain phenomenon, but it will not give detailed answers to these questions. It will only analyze and answer representative questions. The existing technical means and knowledge cannot answer all the questions. However, as the technical means of human space exploration become more advanced and the ability of human thinking continues to strengthen, some questions can be solved later. The problems mentioned in this paper will play a certain role in the future space development of mankind.

Key words: space; space ethics; community with shared future for in space; community with shared future for in mankind ;  ethical reflection