邬晓燕 博士
导师姓名：刘大椿教授
提交日期：2006年6月
关键词：乌托邦；科学乌托邦主义；科学敌托邦主义；建构；解构；
摘 要
乌托邦是在批判和否定社会现实基础之上对人类完美社会的理想规划和理性设计。自近代以来，对人类未来的理想设计就紧紧地与科学联系在一起，在文学层面虚构出形色各异的科学乌托邦，在理论层面上形成了影响深远的科学乌托邦主义社会思潮。科学乌托邦主义，可以从三层意义上来理解。广义的科学乌托邦主义泛指人类思想史中对科学发展和技术应用秉持赞同和欣赏态度的理想社会构想，从古希腊罗马的史诗到15～16世纪的乌托邦文学早有表现，一直延续至今。狭义的科学乌托邦主义指把科技发展等同于社会进步、把科技进步等同于乌托邦本身、把社会问题归约为技术问题的观念形态，在19世纪末至21世纪达到巅峰。论文从中层意义上理解科学乌托邦主义，意指以近现代科学技术的发展为根本依托对未来理想社会的乌托邦设计，强调科学对于社会发展的决定性作用，主张用科学原理与技术规则组织和管理社会运行、规范人类生活，相信科技进步将实现人类物质丰裕、秩序合理、自由正义、社会和谐的乌托邦思想。这种意义的科学乌托邦主义必须以近代科学的萌芽、产生和逐渐成熟为基本前提，随着科学技术和社会现实的发展产生形式与内涵的运演流变。科学乌托邦主义萌芽于16～17世纪，崛起于18～19世纪，涌动于19～20世纪，并在20世纪遭受多领域、多角度的批判和质疑。
科学乌托邦主义是近代西方特殊的经济、政治、文化等历史条件综合孕育的观念产物，是近代科技进步、思想文化启蒙、资本主义发展和工业革命等历史文化资源共同浇灌的人类社会理想，是面对人类生存、发展与改革的大问题提交的一种可以尝试的求解方式。论文从科技哲学、科学社会学、科学文化学、科学思想史、乌托邦研究和科幻文艺学等多学科角度出发，运用历史与逻辑、理论与现实相结合的方法，对科学乌托邦主义思潮展开哲学研究，考察科学乌托邦主义崛起、涌动、困惑与超越的四段历程，在此过程中挖掘和展现科学乌托邦主义内涵在社会理想、变革动力、批判武器和解构对象四个层次上的重心移变。具体而言，即是揭示科学乌托邦形象与科学乌托邦主义理念的萌芽和发展过程，考察科学乌托邦主义的多向建构与多维解构之旅，挖掘科学乌托邦主义的历史合理性，审视其缺失与症结，试图破除科学乌托邦主义的迷梦，清醒地审度人类生存与发展的困境，求一种较为合理的综合解。
以下简要介绍导言和论文主体四章的主要内容：
导言首先对论文涉及的主要概念进行基本界定，然后简要介绍论文选题背景和理论研究现状，最后概括说明论文逻辑构架和行文思路。
第一章“科学乌托邦主义：形象与理念”主要结合科学乌托邦文艺形象的变迁，关注近代西方的社会发展现实，考察科学乌托邦主义的孕育、生成和崛起过程，展示其理念品质。首先透视人类理想社会从安乐乡、闲适乡、完美的道德共和国、千禧年到乌托邦的类型变迁，分析乌托邦在近代生长的时代成因和规定性。随后，梳理科学乌托邦文艺形象从简单生产应用—先进技术发展—工业社会畅想的构想升级，结合近代西方文化资源、社会资源和重大历史事件，解析科学乌托邦主义的理念内涵由简单到复杂、从物质技术到社会组织到精神理念、由社会低级需要到社会整体进步的丰满、升华和崛起过程。由此说明科学乌托邦主义是特定社会历史文化条件综合作用的产物，是时代精神的结晶，并且用历史的眼光辩证地发掘科学乌托邦主义积极能动的理念品质，即是：现实问题的批判求解、社会理想的观念呈现和时代精神的反映前瞻。
第二章“科学乌托邦主义之多向建构”从不同角度区分科学乌托邦主义演进的多向路径以及形成的不同科学乌托邦样态：科学－技术的现代发展造成了乌托邦建构从科学乌托邦到技术乌托邦的重心迁移；生产－消费的社会变迁导致了乌托邦愿景从生产乌托邦到消费乌托邦的阶段转移；科技理性从社会治理－文化辖制的层次扩张引发乌托邦设计的理想升华。论文进一步概括出科学乌托邦主义多向演进的内在规律和启示：第一，科学技术的自身进化、科学技术的社会角色更替、科学技术与社会不同层次的结合，促成了多方向、多形式的科学乌托邦构想。第二，科学乌托邦主义既具有促进社会变革的积极功能和推动社会前进的现实行动力量，也面临着幻灭的危险，必须为自身存在寻找合理性证明。第三，科学乌托邦主义从不同路向展开的理想建构过程，说明每一种社会文化思潮的产生和发展实际上是一个社会现实与观念建构不断相互作用的动态过程。
第三章“科学乌托邦主义之多维解构”首先从乌托邦研究视角出发，考察了浪漫主义、科学敌托邦主义、反乌托邦和其他乌托邦替代方案对科学乌托邦主义的多维批判和质疑，然后分析现代科技的社会批判、文明和文化反思等不同视角对于科技社会展开的多向度解构，从而破解科学乌托邦主义的迷梦。科学乌托邦主义作为一种社会理想和社会思潮延续了几个世纪，对人类社会的观念和现实发挥巨大的变革作用。但是，一方面，科学乌托邦主义始终没有在人类历史中完全如期兑现，反倒暴露出其缺失和局限，另一方面，其历史合理性与批判前瞻性不是永恒的，历史前进的步伐和科学乌托邦主义自身的蜕变使得科学乌托邦主义逐渐弱化和丧失了先进的批判武器、前瞻的社会理想和激进的变革动力这些原初的积极内涵，渐趋保守，最终成为被批判与解构的对象。论文表明科学乌托邦主义角色转换的实质是：在近几个世纪，科学乌托邦主义理念在人类思想史中发生了地位变迁，在人类社会发展史中出现了功能转变，也就是从具有批判性、前瞻性、超越性的社会理想转变成保守性、利益维护性的意识形态，从革命性的激进社会先导力量退化成渐趋保守改良的技术应对。
第四章“科学乌托邦主义之辨析与超越”首先揭示科学、技术、人与乌托邦之间的内在联系，界定科学乌托邦主义的概念与内涵，探讨了作为特定时代产物的科学乌托邦主义具有的价值合理性；其后，冷静地分析科学乌托邦主义的问题和缺失，即科学乌托邦主义在社会改善论、乌托邦的技术可能性与伦理有限性的悖论、科技决定论等方面遭遇的理论困窘；最后，随着科学乌托邦主义的积极性、激进性和革命性逐渐丧失在渐进改良的温床之中，越来越不合时代与社会之所需，指出我们必须超越科学乌托邦主义与科学敌托邦主义的二元对立，寻求一种整体主义的科学发展观，既要充分利用科学技术，又不能完全依赖科学技术，谋求科学发展与社会和谐的统一之道。
科学乌托邦主义的建构与解构之路昭示我们，社会理想的建构或者观念文化的树立不是纯粹主观设定的产物，而是具体的经济、政治、文化和历史条件综合孕育的结果，观念建构与社会发展是一个不断建构、解构与重构的相互作用过程，具有特殊的时代规定性、地域特征和国情特点。只有批判的、超越的、创造性的、反映时代精神的观念形态才能积极地、能动地发挥社会变革作用，引导社会的健康和谐发展。因此，为了推动中国社会的合理健康发展，不能全盘照搬西方的文化理念或者建设主张，而要根据本国当今具体的、特殊的社会历史文化条件，建构符合中国特色的社会理想和文化观念，因时变义，保持观念创新，用既反映时代精神又具有本国传统特色的新观念新文化促进中国的经济、政治和文化建设。同时，还要谨防各种“观念”或者“主义”的暴虐，让各种理想、观念和文化展开理性的交流、对话与互动，走一条理智的、宽容的、开明的道路。
目 录
导 言
0.1 概念解析
0.2 研究背景
0.3 论文构架
第1章 科学乌托邦主义：形象与理念
1.1 科学乌托邦主义萌芽
1.1.1 前工业时代的理想社会形象
1.1.2 乌托邦新型理想社会
1.1.3 科学乌托邦主义理念萌发
1.2 科学乌托邦主义崛起
1.2.1 工业革命时代的科学乌托邦形象
1.2.2 理性批判与社会转型
1.2.3 科学乌托邦主义社会构想
1.3 科学乌托邦主义的理念品质
1.3.1 现实问题的批判求解
1.3.2 社会理想的观念呈现
1.3.3 时代精神的反映前瞻
第2章 科学乌托邦主义之多向建构
2.1 乌托邦建构从科学到技术的重心迁移
2.1.1 科学乌托邦
2.1.2 技术乌托邦
2.2 乌托邦愿景从生产到消费的阶段转移
2.2.1 生产乌托邦
2.2.2 消费乌托邦
2.3 乌托邦设计从组织到文化的理想升华
2.3.1 技术统治运动
2.3.2 唯科学主义热潮
2.4 科学乌托邦主义多向演进的内在规律
第3章 科学乌托邦主义之多维解构
3.1 乌托邦研究的多角度审视
3.1.1 浪漫主义反动
3.1.2 科学敌托邦主义对抗
3.1.3 反乌托邦颠覆
3.1.4 其他乌托邦替代方案
3.2 科技社会批判的多向度解构
3.2.1 现代科技的社会批判
3.2.2 现代科技的文明与文化反思
3.3 科学乌托邦主义从建构到解构的角色转换
第4章 科学乌托邦主义之辨析与超越
4.1 科学乌托邦主义的历史意蕴
4.1.1 科学、技术、人与乌托邦
4.1.2 科学乌托邦主义概念
4.1.3 科学乌托邦主义的合理内涵
4.2 科学乌托邦主义的现代缺失
4.2.1 社会改善论的破产
4.2.2 乌托邦的技术可能性与伦理有限性之悖论
4.2.3 科技决定论的贫困
4.3 从科学乌托邦到科学发展的和谐社会
4.3.1 现代科技与人类生存境遇
4.3.2 超越科学乌托邦主义与科学敌托邦主义的二元对立
4.3.3 科学发展与社会和谐
结 语 因时变义，观念创新
5.1 科学乌托邦主义建构与解构之路
5.2 科学乌托邦主义理论研究之意义
5.3 对于中国发展的现实启示
参 考 文 献
后 记
ABSTRACT
Utopia is an ideal plan and rational design based on criticizing social reality. Since modern times, utopia has been closely connected with science. Scientific utopianism can be understood from three levels. In a broad sense, scientific utopianism refers to the plan fabrication of ideal society in favor of the development and application of science and technology, which had appeared early in the epics of the ancient Greece and Rome and in the utopian literatures in the 15th-16th centuries and up to now. In a narrow sense, scientific utopianism indicates the ideology reaching a climax from the late 19th century to the 21st century, which viewed the development of science-technology as social progress, equated the progress of science-technology to utopia itself, and simplified social issues into technological issues. This dissertation understands scientific utopianism in a middle sense. It refers to the utopian design of future ideal society on the basis of modern science-technology, emphasizes the decisive function of science-technology upon social development, advocates managing social performance and controlling human future with scientific and technological rationality, and believes science and technology would bring about the utopia of wealthy, freedom, justice and harmony. As an important social ideological trend, scientific utopianism took the growth and development of science in modern times as its presupposition, and changed its forms and connotations with the development of science-technology and social reality. In this sense, scientific utopianism sprouted in the 16th～17th centuries, generated in the 18th～19th centuries, evolved in the 19th～20th centuries, and was doubted during the whole 20th century.
Scientific utopianism is an ideological product generally cultivated by special economic, political, cultural and historical conditions in the modern west. It is not only an ideal of human society bred together by the advancement of science-technology, the ideological and cultural enlightenment, the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution, but also a triable solution to the issue of human survival, development and reform. As a multi-disciplinary study involving Philosophy of Science and Technology, Sociology of Science, Culture Studies of Science, Intellectual History of Science, Utopia Studies and Science-Fiction Literature, etc., the dissertation applies the method of unifying history and logic, theory and reality to embark a philosophical study on scientific utopianism, examines four historical stages of scientific utopianism, that is, its emergence, development, frustration and transcendence. And paralleling this historical course, the dissertation analyzes the connotation evolution of scientific utopianism from social ideal, transformation power, critique weapon to deconstruction objective. Detailedly speaking, it discloses the growth and development of scientific utopianism’s images and ideas, inspects the multi-dimensional construction and deconstruction of scientific utopianism, finds out its historical rationality, and carefully examines its flaws and cruxes. Thus, the illusion of scientific utopianism could be eradicated, the difficulty of human survival and development soberly considered, and a kind of more reasonable comprehensive solution finally explored.
The main ideas of “Introduction” and four chapters of this dissertation are indicated as follows:
“Introduction” first briefly defines three main couples of concepts, secondly introduces the topic background and present research situation, and then summarizes the logical skeleton and the clue of the dissertation.
Chapter Ⅰ“Scientific Utopianism: Images and Ideas”, in relation to the image evolution of scientific utopias and particular social development in modern times, mainly inspects the ideological breeding, growing and rising process of scientific utopianism, and demonstrates its positive qualities. First, it describes the variance of different ideal societies from Cockaigne, Arcadia, the Perfect Moral Commonwealth, the Millennium to Utopia, and analyzes utopia’s originality and stipulation in modern times. Afterwards, linking to the modern west’s culture resources, social resources and significant historical events, it indicates how the images of scientific utopias had developed from simple production and technological application to advanced technological development to complicated industrial society design, and demonstrates how the connotation of scientific utopianism had evolved from a simple sense to a complex one, from material technology to social organization to mental spirit, from preliminary social needs to integral social progress step by step. Therefore, it concludes that scientific utopianism is the product of specific social, historical and cultural conditions and the crystallization of the spirit of the times, thus dialectically finds out the positive qualities of scientific utopianism: the critical resolution to realistic problems, the ideological presentation of social ideal, and the reflection and forecast of the spirit of the times.
ChapterⅡ“Multi-dimensional Construction of Scientific Utopianism” differentiates the evolution routes of scientific utopianism from different perspectives: the modern development of science-technology had caused the emphasis of utopianism to move from utopias of science to utopias of technology; the social transformation from production-centered to consumption-centered had caused the shift from a production utopia to a consumption utopia; and the expansion of technological rationality from social administration to cultural management had initiates the ideal sublimation of scientific utopianism. Furthermore, this chapter summarizes some inherent laws and instruction in the multi-dimensional construction of scientific utopianism. Firstly, the evolution of science-technology, the shift of social role of science and technology, and the combination of science -technology with different social aspects, these three factors had facilitated the multi-dimensional construction of scientific utopianism. Secondly, on the one hand, scientific utopianism has the positive function to advance social transformation and development; on the other hand, scientific utopianism is facing the danger of illusion and must provide rational proof for its own existence. Thirdly, such a multi-dimensional construction of scientific utopianism indicates that the rise and development of every social and cultural ideological trend is in fact a continually mutual function process of social reality—ideological construction—evolution of social reality—ideological reconstruction……
Chapter Ⅲ “Multi-dimensional Deconstruction of Scientific Utopianism”, in order to break the illusion of scientific utopianism, first seriously examines the critique upon scientific utopias and scientific utopianism from different realms in utopian studies, such as romanticism, scientific dystopianism, anti-utopia, and other utopian alternative schemes, then analyzes the social critique and the civilizational and cultural reflection on modern science-technology as well as scientific society. As a social ideal and a social ideological trend, scientific utopianism has last for several centuries and has displayed huge transformation power upon human society. However, on the one hand, the best promises of scientific utopianism have not completely come true as scheduled in the human history, instead it has exposed many flaws and limitations; on the other hand, the historical advancement and the retrogradation of scientific utopianism has deprived off its original historical rationality and positive connotations, such as advanced critique weapon, foresighted social ideal, radical transformation power and so on. Scientific utopianism has gradually grown conservative and become the target of being criticized. In the end, this chapter makes clear the essence of scientific utopianism’s role shift, that is, during the near several centuries, scientific utopianism has changed its status in human intellectual history from a kind of critical, foresighted and transcendental social ideal into a kind of conservative and utilitarian ideology, and has transformed its function in the history of human society from a kind of radical revolutionary social power into a kind of conservative and reformative technological countermeasure.
Chapter Ⅳ “Analysis and Transcendence of Scientific Utopianism” firstly describes the inner link between science, technology, human and utopia, defines the concept and connotation of scientific utopianism, and discusses its value rationality as a product of particular times. Then, it calmly analyzes the flaws and difficulties of scientific utopianism in meliorism, the paradox between technological possibilities and ethical limitations, and technological determinism. Finally, as scientific utopianism gradually lost its positive, radical and revolutionary qualities in the hotbed of improvement and became more and more inapplicable to the times and the contemporary society, this chapter holds that we must transcend the simple opposition between scientific utopianism and scientific dystopianism, seek for a holistic view of human development so as to unify the development of science-technology and social harmony. Therefore, we can both fully use science and technology to create happy life and keep independent from science and technology to a large extent.
The process of construction and deconstruction of scientific utopianism has told us such a truth: any social ideal or ideological trend is never a pure subjective hypothesis but a complicated synthesis out of particular economic, political, cultural and historical conditions; moreover, with historical specialties, regional features and national characteristics, there is an unceasing mutual function process between ideological construction and social development. However, only ideas that are critical, prescient, creative and reflective on the spirit of the age can positively transform the society and lead the healthy and harmonious development of society. Therefore, in order to impel the reasonable and healthy development of Chinese society, we cannot blindly copy western cultural idea or construction experience. Instead, we must construct social ideals and cultural ideologies conforming to Chinese social and cultural conditions, and change their connotation and maintain ideological innovation as time goes, thus advance China's economic，political and cultural construction with new ideas and new culture both reflecting on the spirit of the age and being provided with Chinese traditional features. At the same time, the violence of various “ideas” or “doctrines” should be carefully defended, and the exchange, dialogue and interaction between different ideals, ideas and cultures should be developed, thus a rational, tolerant and wise road be opened.
Key words: utopia；scientific utopianism；scientific dystopianism; construction；deconstruction；
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